Discuss the difference between Aristotle and Kant Essay

Discuss the difference between Aristotle and Kant - Essay Example In philosophy classes, one is likely to learn about Aristotle’s system of propositional logic where the concepts of premises and conclusions are used as a structure of reasoning. Contrarily, Kant lived in the 18th Century in the years 1724 - 1804. Kant was a paradigmatic philosopher who played a central role in the structuring of modern philosophy. Unlike Aristotle who was active in medieval era, Kant emerged as a key figure in the European Enlightenment periods (Graham, 23). Conventionally, Kant is alleged to have laid the foundation of empiricism and eradicated any remaining traces of medieval reasoning in philosophy. Each of the two philosophers discussed comprehensively on the concepts of moral propriety, commonly referred to as ethics. Aristotle asserts that there is an extricable connection between psychological and physiological nature in human beings. The consciousness of sensation perceived by the body in the material world serves the purpose of clothing the senses of thought and reasoning. In this context, Aristotle claimed that material knowledge perceived by the body influences immaterial thoughts, thus developing a scale for comparison between distinct objects and thoughts (Sherman, 127). This interaction between psychology and physiology experienced by human beings gives rise to the opposing concepts of virtue and vice. In this case, practical experiences coupled with sensitive existence leads to distinct realization and subsequent differentiation of good from bad. Unlike animals, human beings are in an intrinsic pursuit of favorable experiences manifesting as universal happiness. Acc ording to Aristotle, actions and thoughts that lead to happiness are called virtues, while contrary actions and thoughts are vices. According to Aristotle, the opposing concepts of virtue and vice serve as a scale for measuring extremes. Excess vice lies on one end while deficient vice lies on another end. In this case, virtue is a mean or

Supply Chain Essay Example for Free

Supply Chain Essay Gradual, long-term movement in time-series data is called a. seasonal variation b. cycles c. trends d. exponential variation e. random variation Which of the following is not present in a time series? a. seasonality b. operational variations c. trend d. cycles e. random variations The fundamental difference between cycles and seasonality is the a. duration of the repeating patterns b. magnitude of the variation c. ability to attribute the pattern to a cause d. all of the above In time series, which of the following cannot be predicted? a. large increases in demand b. technological trends c. easonal fluctuations d. random fluctuations e. large decreases in demand What is the approximate forecast for May using a four-month moving average? Which time series model below assumes that demand in the next period will be equal to the most recent periods demand? a. naive approach b. moving average approach c. weighted moving average approach d. exponential smoothing approach e. none of the above Which of the following is not a characteristic of simple moving averages? . it smoothes random variations in the data b. it has minimal data storage requirements c. it weights each historical value equally d. it smoothes real variations in the data 21. 3 22. A six-month moving average forecast is better than a three-month moving average forecast if demand a. is rather stable b. has been changing due to recent promotional efforts c. follows a downward trend d. follows an upward trend Increasing the number of periods in a moving average will accomplish greater smoothing, but at the expense of a. manager understanding b. accuracy c. stability d. esponsiveness to changes Which of the following statements comparing the weighted moving aver age technique and exponential smoothing is true? Exponential smoothing is more easily used in combination with the Delphi method. b. More emphasis can be placed on recent values using the weighted moving average. c. Exponential smoothing is considerably more difficult to implement on a computer. d. Exponential smoothing typically requires less record-keeping of past data. Which time series model uses past forecasts and past demand data to generate a new forecast? a. naive b. moving average c. weighted moving average d. xponential smoothing Which is not a characteristic of exponential smoothing? a. smoothes random variations in the data b. easily altered weighting scheme c. weights each historical value equally d. has minimal data storage requirements Which of the following smoothing constants would make an exponential smoothing forecast equivalent to a naive forecast?

Workers And Laborers Essay -- essays research papers

Workers and Laborers There are two kinds of people in the work force. There are laborers and there are workers. The difference between these two types of people is that a worker enjoys his or her job while a laborer does not. To the laborer, his or her life is almost equivalent to a wage slave. For those laborers, there only escape is leisure time. This is essentially the opposite of their lives, a time where there is freedom and compulsion. To the worker, leisure time consist of enough rest so that they can do their jobs effectively. In the two ways that these two types of people enjoy their free time, how do we know which person spends their time better? I believe that a worker often spends his of her leisure time more productively than a laborer does.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A personal experience of this matter consisted of a friend of mine. He used to work at a local restaurant as a bus boy. To me, he was a laborer. He didn’t enjoy his job at all. Whenever he would have a day off, he would be grateful and happy. Although, he would often spend his days complaining about how horrible his job was and the fact that he had to go back to work the next day. He would find himself doing anything that would get his mind off work. Things such as drinking or smoking ended up a major past time of his. He concluded that drinking and smoking was an escape from his horrid job. The more he hated his job, the more he would go out and party in an attemp...

Film “Stagecoach” Analysis

Stagecoach: The Revolutionary Western John Ford built a standard that many future directors would follow with his classic 1939 film â€Å"Stagecoach†. Although there were a plethora of western films made before 1939, the film â€Å"Stagecoach† revolutionized the western genre by elevating the genre from a â€Å"B† film into a more serious genre. The film challenged not only western stereotypes but also class divisions in society. Utilizing specific aspects of mise-en-scene and cinematography, John Ford displays his views of society.The film consists of many cliche western characters. There is a banker, an outlaw, a prostitute, a doctor, a gambler, and a pregnant woman. These characters are categorized by social class. The banker, the pregnant woman, and the gambler are considered upper class. The outlaw, the prostitute, and the doctor are considered lower class. Ford emphasizes the social prejudice that is present between the two classes by using composition of m ise-en-scene. In the dinner table scene, Lucy Mallory cannot bear eating next to, Dallas, the prostitute.Therefore, Hatfield escorts Lucy Mallory to the opposite end of the table. The use of space in the scene depicts the division between the upper class and the lower class. Because of the social status of Ringo Kid and Dallas, the characters in the upper class try not to associate themselves with them. John Ford also illustrates that prejudice can also occur within the same social class. In one of the earlier scenes, Lucy Mallory is in the hotel with her friends. The camera is in a medium range shot and the shot is from the inside of the tearoom.In this scene, Lucy Mallory asks her friends who the strange man outside of the window is. Her friends reply that the man is nothing but a notorious gambler. In this shot, the curtains of the window frame Hatfield. The way that Hatfield is judged immediately is similar to picking up a picture frame and judging a picture. Ford is trying to i llustrate the fact that even at first glance, Lucy Mallory is given a negative perspective of Hatfield. Throughout the film, the characters in the lower class are not respected by the others.Doc Boone is not taken seriously and considered a fool because he is always drunk. Dallas is always forgotten and all the attention is given to Mallory. In a scene where the stagecoach is headed towards Apache Wells in the cold, Hatfield’s facial expressions show that he is worried and concerned whenever he looks at Lucy Mallory. Hatfield, being a gentleman, offers Lucy Mallory water and serves water to her in a fancy silver cup but does not bother to ask Dallas. However, Ringo Kid makes sure Dallas also gets a drink of water.This demonstrates that even though Hatfield is considered a gentleman, he does not show any concern for Dallas because she has a lower social status. Once the stagecoach arrives in Lordsburg, Lucy Mallory is carried out on a stretcher. At first, the camera shot is wi de-angled and the street is crowded with soldiers and civilians. Then there is a close-up shot of Mallory on the stretcher as she speaks to Dallas. The shot reveals Mallory’s facial expression of remorse. Mallory looks apologetic and offers any help to Dallas.This is one of the final scenes in the film and illustrates how Mallory’s view of Dallas completely changed by the resolution of the film. Throughout the film, Mallory felt uncomfortable being around Dallas. Once Dallas helped take care of Mallory’s baby, Mallory realized that her judgment of Dallas was completely wrong. John Ford challenges society’s views of people based on class. Most people would expect the characters in the upper class to be more compassionate and respectable compared to the lower class.However, as the film progresses, the stereotypes are broken down and the characters true intentions are revealed. Everyone’s view of Ringo Kid and Doc Boone also changed by the end of the film. Although Doc Boone was always intoxicated, he was able to deliver the baby of Mallory. Ringo Kid was considered just an outlaw but he helped defend the stagecoach and fight the Indians. Ford shed new light on the western cliches and helped transform the western genre.

Hispanic and Latino Americans Essay

The poem â€Å"Legal Alien† by Pat Mora is in the open poem form, it has no stanzas. It does have a few words that rhyme which are â€Å"English† (5) and â€Å"Spanish† (6) and also with â€Å"Mexicans† (14) and then with â€Å"Americans† (15). The poem also has rhythm, it is a low steady beat. It is a straightforward poem about how life is for a person with the same race/ethnicity as others and at the same time, different from others. The poem â€Å"Legal Alien† is about a woman of Mexican parents, who is born and raised in America. An American citizen established by law, but at the same time this person feels like an illegal alien because of how some people treat her. She is fluent in both, English and in Spanish. Feels American because she is, but at the same time she doesn’t. She is looked at by Americans (Anglos) as inferior, and looked at by Mexicans like she doesn’t belong. They make her feel like she is not one of them, like she doesn’t fit anywhere. â€Å"An American to Mexicans a Mexican to Americans a handy token sliding back and forth between the fringes of both worlds† (14-18). – What this means is that she feels like she could be from both places and at the same time from neither, but on the border of each. Happy, sad, confused, lost but at the same time she tries to cover all her feelings and what she is thinking â€Å"by masking the discomfort† (20) is that she has to grin and bear the fact that she is being condemned for having two nationalities. After reading this poem over and over I can say that I have felt what the speaker mentions in the poem, I have been in her shoes. Yes it’s hard to believe but if you think about it we are all different and at the same time we are all the same. For some people it is hard to accept people of different nationality, but the only thing we can do is to move on. I am Mexican American, also bilingual, with two different cultures, born in America with Mexican parents. I think this poem â€Å"Legal Alien† is a little about racism which is everywhere and it has been around for a long time. I have felt looks from Mexicans and Americans, and to be honest it doesn’t feel that good. But I think that the only thing we can do is to just let it go and live life at the fullest and accept everyone as they are. Race, color, religion, or even language should not matter. In the end, and underneath of it all, we are all the same.

Child Abuse1 essays

Child Abuse1 essays Child abuse can lead to low self-esteem and reflect a persons image as negative. This relationship has been proven over many years. Child abuse may cause eating disorders, negative behaviors in children, and may result in a loss of personality. Therapists, teachers, and social workers have seen victims of abuse grow into stages of depression, suicide, and most commonly, have a poor self-image and a low self-esteem. Television exposure has a negative impact on attractiveness. Many young women have developed eating disorders, experience low-esteem, and thousands of people have undergone plastic surgery to have the appearance of a model on the television. The average adult does not have the appearance of Barbie or Ken. The constant media of beautiful people selling products will continue to have negative effects on people, as well as the popular trend of going under the knife. The unemployment rate is correlated with the incidence of violent crime. Studies have shown that an unemployed person is more incline to hold up someone for cash. The temptation of money without working is a thrill and a job for many unemployed people. The violence is not unusual for unemployed people, because it may be a survival skill for some. Surveys, experiments, and observational techniques may be used to study the negative impact television has on attractiveness. A survey could be passed out to students in a junior high school, high school, and in college. This survey would ask the students if they were comfortable with their body and would they change any part of their body, if they could? It would also ask if any of the students have had plastic surgery, besides a birth defect or accident. The survey would reveal the opinions of the students by age, race, and sex. The experiment given would allow the students the opportunity to enhance their self-image. The control group and the experim ...

Oberon and Titania Character Analysis

Oberon and Titania Character Analysis The Oberon and Titania characters play an essential role in A Midsummer Nights Dream. Here, we take an in-depth look at each  character so we can better understand what makes them tick as a couple. Oberon Oberon is angry with Titania as she is spending all her time with a changeling boy and will not give him over to Oberon to be used as a henchman. He could be considered to be quite spiteful in exacting his revenge upon her: â€Å"Well, go thy way. Thou shalt not from this grove/Till I torment thee for this injury† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line 146-147). Titania accuses Oberon of being jealous: â€Å"These are the forgeries of jealousy† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line 81). Oberon is powerful but Titania appears to be just as headstrong, and they seem equally matched. We know they have had a good relationship up until now, as he and Titania would â€Å"dance our ringlets to the whistling wind† (Act 2 Scene 1 Line 86). Oberon asks Puck to get the juice from a herb he once showed him and anoint the eyes of Titania with it so that she falls in love with something ridiculous. Oberon is angry with his queen for disobeying him and exacts a kind of revenge, but it is quite harmless and humorous in its intent. He loves her and wants to have her all to himself again. Consequently, Titania falls in love with Bottom with an Ass’ head stuck on his. Oberon eventually feels guilty about this and reverses the magic which demonstrates his mercy: â€Å"Her dotage now I do begin to pity† (Act 3 Scene 3, Line 46). Oberon also shows compassion when he sees Helena being scorned by Demetrius and orders Puck to anoint his eyes with the potion so that Helena can be loved: â€Å"A sweet Athenian lady is in loveWith a disdainful youth: anoint his eyes;But do it when the next thing he espiesMay be the lady: thou shalt know the manBy the Athenian garments he hath on.Effect it with some care, that he may proveMore fond of her than she upon her love† (Act 2 Scene 1, Line261-266).​ Unfortunately, Puck gets things wrong, but Oberon’s intentions are good, and he is ultimately responsible for everyone’s happiness at the end of the play. Titania Titania is principled and strong enough to stand up to her husband (in a similar way to Hermia standing up to Egeus). She has made a promise to look after the little Indian boy and doesn’t want to break it: â€Å"Not for thy fairy kingdom. Fairies away!/We shall chide downright, if I longer stay† (Act 1 Scene 2, Line 144-145). Unfortunately, Titania is made to look foolish by her jealous husband and is made to fall in love with the ridiculous Bottom with an ass’ head: â€Å"Thou art wise as thou art beautiful† (Act 3 Scene 1, Line 140). She is very attentive to Bottom and proves herself to be a kind and forgiving lover: Be kind and courteous to this gentleman.Hop in his walks and gambol in his eyes;Feed him with apricots and dewberries,With purple grapes, green figs, and mulberries;The honeybags steal from the humble-bees,And for night tapers crop their waxen thighsAnd light them at the fiery glow-worms eyesTo have my love to bed, and to arise;And pluck the wings from painted butterfliesTo fan moonbeams from his sleeping eyes.Nod to him, elves and do him courtesies (Act 3 Scene 1, Line 156-166). As Titania is intoxicated with the love potion, she gives the changeling boy to Oberon, and he gets his way. He then takes pity on her and undoes the magic. Together Oberon and Titania are the only couple in the play who have been married for a while. The other couples are just starting with all the passion and excitement a new relationship brings. Oberon and Titania represent an older, more weathered relationship. They have possibly taken each other for granted and when the love potion is removed, and Titania realizes that she has been doting and fawning over an ass, she is made to realize that, perhaps, she has neglected her husband somewhat and this will renew their passion: â€Å"Now thou and I are new in amity† (Act 4 Scene 1, Line 86).

ATS-Compatible Resumes Top 20 Tips on Resumes for ATS Systems

ATS-Compatible Resumes Top 20 Tips on Resumes for ATS Systems One of the most popular sessions at The National Resume Writers’ Association Conference last week was Pat Criscito’s presentation on how to write ATS-Compatible Resumes. ATS (or Applicant Tracking Software) systems are used by the majority of companies in this country to determine whom to interview. If your resume does not pass the ATS test, you will not get an interview. Thankfully, how to write an ATS-compatible resume is not a complete mystery. This article will teach you how to sell yourself to an ATS system and get your phone to ring for an interview. KEYWORD TIPS MOST IMPORTANT TIP FIRST: Use keywords that match the keywords in the job description! This means you’ll need to edit your resume for every job you apply for. No joke. I know this task is time-consuming, but it will pay off. Use keywords in context, in your experience section. ATS systems count the number of years of experience you have for the skills the company cares about. If you have â€Å"project management† listed in a bullet under a job where you spent 10 years, you’ll get 10 years of credit for project management. If you list it in a Skills list, you’ll get zero. So even if you have a separate skills list, be sure to include all your skills in your bullets as well! Whenever possible, put your keywords on page one and at the top of subsequent pages if any. They will be ranked higher in these locations. There’s no need to use every possible version of your keywords. ATS systems are so smart that a keyword search automatically finds all relevant words. For example, a search for â€Å"RN† will also recognize â€Å"nurse practitioner† and â€Å"registered nurse†; a search for â€Å"attorney† will capture â€Å"lawyer† and â€Å"general counsel† and â€Å"GC†; and a search for â€Å"finance executive† will find â€Å"CFO† and â€Å"Controller.† The systems are also smart enough not to count â€Å"executive assistant† when searching for an â€Å"executive.† Abbreviations are okay. It doesn’t matter if you insert periods or not, and you don’t need to write things out if they are common. For example, either â€Å"MBA† or â€Å"M.B.A.† is sufficient, without having to write out Masters in Business Administration. If a job description calls for expertise with a specific program, such as MS Word, list the specific program, not just MS Office. And remember to put it in your Experience, not just in a Skills list! FORMATTING TIPS FOR ATS-COMPATIBLE RESUMES You can use any font and style- bold, italics, shading, even white text. All will be read as text. You can submit your resume as a Word or PDF document. In a PDF, any information that is editable in a PDF editor will be read by an ATS system. Don’t use the columns feature. Period. Use tabs instead. And dont use text boxes. They wont be read. Tables are okay ONLY if they have only one row, and if the header and content are in the same column. Never use the format where you have your headers on the left and your content on the right. Here’s an example of an acceptable use of tables: SKILLS Biopharmaceuticals ââ€" ¾ CMOs ââ€" ¾ Market Analysis ââ€" ¾ Contract Negotiation ââ€" ¾ Business Process Creation ââ€" ¾ Manufacturing Operations ââ€" ¾ Logistics ââ€" ¾ Lean Manufacturing ââ€" ¾ ERP ââ€" ¾ Process Automation ââ€" ¾ Quality Control SUMMARY Senior Tech Company Manager with 8 years’ experience in development, manufacture, informatics and licensing of biopharmaceutical equipment technology. Led transformation of small technology firm into mature business, negotiated licensing agreement with multinational ABC, and led due diligence during acquisition by $13B diversified industrial giant XYZ. Put your contact information in the main body of the document on the first page- not in a header! ATS systems do not read headers or footers. It’s advisable to repeat your contact information in a header on the second page, which will not confuse the ATS but will appear nicely if a human prints out and reads the original document. If you have credentials, it’s okay to put them after your name as long as you precede them with a comma. The comma clues the ATS in that your name is complete. So write â€Å"Brenda Bernstein, JD, CMRW,† not â€Å"Brenda Bernstein J.D., CMRW.† Same applies with suffixes like Jr., Sr., or III. Charts and graphs will be ignored. If you have information you want to convey, there’s nothing wrong with using a chart or graph as long as you also convey the same information in your bullets, which will be read. Use more space between major sections that you do between jobs. Be consistent! This will help the ATS figure out what’s what and know when to look for a new job or a new section. It’s okay to list company names, job titles, and dates in any order, as long as they are consistent. Click here to see a sample  of an ATS-compatible resume. TIPS FOR ORGANIZING YOUR INFORMATION Don’t combine several sections together. Use just one word or phrase in each header, and keep them standard: Profile or Summary; Experience or Work History; Education; and Certifications. If you want to insert continuing education courses under the Education section, that’s fine. A â€Å"Skills† section doesn’t have particular value but you can include one. Never omit the dates of your experience. The positions won’t be read or counted for anything. If you’ve held more than one position at a company, list the company name multiple times- once for each position. Otherwise the ATS won’t know how to read the information. One trick you can use is to put the company name in white text so it’s not visible; but if you do this, make sure to insert enough space before the white text that the ATS will know it’s a new position. As a general rule, unless specifically requested to do so, do NOT make the first page of your resume your cover letter. This advice seems not to hold true universally, however. I have a client who applied to a position through LinkedIn Easy Apply using this strategy, and she got a call for an interview the next day. If you have held many short-term jobs, combine them wherever possible. ATS systems are programmed to recognize job hoppers, and you don’t want to be one of them! If you think all these tips will result in an awkward resume that doesn’t look the way you want it to, never fear! You can have two versions of your resume: one â€Å"presentation† version that you can hand out to people or email as an attachment to your network, and another version that you use to submit to online applicant systems. If you apply my top 20 ATS system tips and find you’re getting better results from your online applications, please let me know!

Christianity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Christianity - Assignment Example An eye for an eye meant an actual eye for an eye. The Pharisees felt the oral tradition could be interpreted as an eye could be replaced for the value of the eye. Although both the Sadducees and Pharisees fought against each other, both group groups disapproved of Jesus. Both believed in one God. Jesus was preaching that He was the Messiah. Instead of the law that both Sadducees and Pharisees believed in, Jesus was preaching forgiveness and love. While the Sadducees did not believe in an afterlife, the Pharisees thought the way to heaven was by following the law. When Jesus tore down the money changer tables in the Temple, both groups decried him as a sacrilege. Jesus came preaching new concepts that the Jews did not want to listen to at the time. I believe the pivotal event in the emergence of Christianity between Jesus’ death and the end of the Roman Empire was the conversion of Roman Emperor Constantine I. I think if any other Roman Emperor such as Caligula, Nero, or any other save for Constantine had promoted Christianity than Christianity would have remained a cult and not grown. However since Constantine I had many military victories and his greatness helped promote Christianity. In Catholicism anyone baptized is saved. Children are baptized as soon as possible to save their immortal soul. This practice uses baptism as a way to be saved. On the other hand, Calvinists believe only someone who has accepted Jesus in their heart should be baptized. A preacher must talk and be convinced of the individual’s sincerity. This type of baptism is used to show they have been saved. For a Calvinist to submit to a baptism and not be saved only infuriates God. It would be better to be saved and not baptized than be unsaved and baptized. Two theological issues that caused the Reformation was King Henry VIII declaring himself not under the authority of the Pope. Henry became head of the new English Church. The second theological issue was the Bible. The

English literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

English literature - Essay Example They both compare their beloved women to a summer day, assigning people the features of this hot season. The meaning expressed in the ends of both poems looks similar too. However, having taken a closer look at them it can be noticed that there is big difference. Shakespeare’s words give us hope, empower and encourage to live by means of a metaphor. As for the overall flow of the poems, it can be said that, in some sense, Moss’ work is a simplified and updated version of the original. The words Moss uses are more up-to-date and prosaic. As a result, Moss’ poem is absolutely realistic. Shakespeare represented his feelings reflected in florid and lofty terms: †But thy eternal summer shall not fade†. The second author, however, uses very simple and clear words and phrases: â€Å"People break their necks or just drop dead!†Ã‚   Shakespeare uses a greater number of metaphors: †Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May†. The great poet also draws words softly, passing from one stroke to another. In such a way the reader gets easily immersed into the world of romanticism. Moss, on contrasts, writes plainly: â€Å"Even in May, the weather can be gray†. Therefore, from some point of view, it can be said that Moss’ poem is a humorous parody on the original sonnet As it was mentioned above, both authors write nearly about the same, but their language is different. Moss uses more modern vocabulary. Words and phrases like ‘Thou art’, ‘thee’ or ‘thy’ of Shakespeare belong to his time, while Moss’ vocabulary is more up-to-date and, therefore, easier to understand for a contemporary reader. Still, it is easy to find parallels in the two pieces. For example, Shakespeare’s â€Å"Thou art more lovely and more temperate.† Moss interprets as simple â€Å"Youre nicer. And better.  Ã¢â‚¬  This shows that Moss’ poem follows Shakespeare’s lines. Since the poem by Moss is a

Tesco in Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco in Indonesia - Essay Example 1). Due to their nature of co-operation and the willingness to share, competition is not very common, as it is viewed as a practice that benefits oneself. Nevertheless, business is evident in Indonesia with competitive industries from within and foreign; however, the government of Indonesia is very keen on how businesses operate such that, laws that ensure fair competition have been put in place. For instance, Law number 5 prohibits monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. The objectives of Indonesia competitive law include safeguarding the interests of the public by improving the economic efficiency. Secondly, it is geared towards creating a conducive business climate by ensuring fair business competition. Thirdly, the law prevents monopolistic practices, which may lead to unfair business practices, and finally, it ensures effectiveness and efficiency in business operations. In addition, Indonesia gives room from foreign businesses to operate in their country, as long as they abide to the rules and regulations governing business practices (Act number 5, p1). Historical background of Tesco Tesco started its operations in 1919, when its owner Jack Cohen started selling groceries in a stall, which was located in London, with only a ?1 on the first day. In 1924, Tesco become a brand after acquiring tea shipment and in 1930, Mr. Cohen built a warehouse in North London declaring Tesco a private company. Over the years, it bought rival shops, and by the 60s, the supermarket was already selling a variety of products. Tesco entered Guinness book of records as the largest store in Europe, and in the 70’s, Tesco had opened a petrol station, which was an independent retailer. In the 90’s, Tesco had already completed several takeovers, while in 1996, it introduced a 24-hour store (The telegraph Para. 10). Today, Tesco has grown to a giant supermarket, and it is visible globally. Its diversification is evident in the United States, Indonesia, La tin America, china, Scotland, china, Norway, Middle East and Mexico. In addition, Tesco is committed to corporate social responsibility such as charities for schools and communities. The company has incorporated technology and it encourages online shopping. In addition, the supermarket offers a range of products to meet the customer’s needs. Business culture and social preferences of Indonesia To operate successfully in Indonesia, a corporate requires understanding the business culture and laws governing businesses this country. Therefore, establishing of relationships is necessary; however, it takes time. Loyalty and trustworthiness are a necessity in maintaining a relationship, especially with the government officials. In this country, men are considered mature if they are over the age of 40 years; therefore, a foreign country may consider sending older executives rather than the young ones, especially in negotiations (Doing Business in Indonesia, p112). In addition, busine sses in Indonesia are required to develop their surrounding community; therefore, corporate social responsibility is encouraged. Firms are encouraged to recruit carefully for their positions, as unsatisfactory performance is not regarded enough reason to lay off an employee. Dismissal for misconduct is effective only after three warnings. Developing strong relationships with

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Law - Essay Example The company should complete the ET3 form so that they can be able to defend the claimant’s claim of unfair dismissal then present it to the employment tribunal within 28days from the time it received the claimants form. The Employment tribunal is mandated to listen to cases that arise in employment, concerning the employer or the employees over their employment rights. If the company does not present its ET3 form to the employment tribunal default judgment is likely to be entered against them, which will then preclude the company from taking part in the proceedings. If the respondent presents their ET3 form to the tribunal, the tribunal has the power to order for disclosure of all the relevant materials pertaining to the case. The employment rights are enumerated under the employment rights act. The act provides under section 36 that an agreement will be deemed to be terminated upon the last day of the period that is agreed upon. The company gave Jack a notice of termination o f his employment and therefore by virtue of the notice his employment was terminated upon the lapse of the period given for termination. ... When it comes to poor performance and misconduct the employment rights act stipulates under sections 38(2) and (3) that an employer shall only terminate the employee’s contract of employment if there is no other cause of action that can be taken. Further, the act states that, when there is a charge made against the employee for misconduct or poor performance the employee should be given the chance to respond to such a charge. It is after the employee has responded to such a charge that the employer can then effect his termination. Gross misconduct is whereby the employee conducts himself so badly that his behaviour ruins the relationship between him and his employer that leads to immediate dismissal. In the above case, the company did not give the employee an opportunity to reply to a charge of misconduct or poor performance. The company raised the allegations of his misconduct and poor performance after his contract had already been terminated. We see that it is only after th e termination of Jack’s contract that the employer became aware of the fact that he had a drinking problem and discovered the empty bottles of alcohol in his desk. Apart from Jack coming to work in an unacceptable condition, all the reasons were brought up after the employee had left the premises of the company that proves that he was not given a chance to respond to any charge that was brought against him and he was neither given a reason for his termination. The company acted wisely in giving the employee a notice of termination instead of instant termination. The tribunal considers instant termination seriously; it looks to see if the employer’s reasons for termination were reasonable and if it was fair considering the circumstances of the case. This will mean

Literal Analysis Of Vietnam War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literal Analysis Of Vietnam War - Essay Example The items these soldiers carried were only the necessary things they required for their safety and survival in the battlefield. These include can openers, pocketknife, the certificate showing that they had gone through heavy military training; mosquito nets that protected them from diseases such as malaria, which was common in the area, and cigarettes. Other essential items they carried were middle size cans of water, chewing gums, a first aid box, and sewing kits. Surprisingly, these items were roughly fifteen to twenty pounds, which depended on the soldiers’ normal metabolism rate. All these stuff were supposed to be carried to every place the soldiers went. It was a person’s own mistake if he forgot the baggage behind, for he will face the challenges ahead alone. The items the soldiers carried were many, but everything in the bag was necessary and had a purpose. This shows that challenges the soldiers faced could not be reduced or stopped since each problem was †˜necessary’ and they had to face it whether they liked it or not. They had no choice of choosing which problem to face, similar to the items in the bags, which were all essential and missing one item could cause a weighty problem to a soldier. The metaphor for the items carried in the baggage is clearly seen. The soldiers accepted the challenges knowing that it was just for them to face them. Therefore, they had to prepare their mind and emotions for the future challenges that were yet to come, so that they will not be surprised.... This shows that challenges the soldiers faced could not be reduced or stopped, since each problem was ‘necessary’ and they had to face it whether they liked it or not. They had no choice of choosing which problem to face, similar to the items in the bags, which were all essential and missing one item could cause a weighty problem to a soldier. The metaphor for the items carried in the baggage is clearly seen. The soldiers accepted the challenges knowing that it was must for them to face them. Therefore, they had to prepare their mind and emotions for the future challenges that were yet to come, so that they will not be surprised. Analysis on the Act of Carrying the Bag When this bag was full of items they required, they carried it to any place they went, and during the wartime, they were placed at a secure place until the war had ended. The act of carrying the baggage, which was habitually heavy, shows the intensity of the challenges and difficulties they had to bear. Th e weight of the items in the baggage was the main challenge of those bags, and yet they had to carry them to all places. The burdens they went through were exceptionally heavy for a person to bear and they required some counseling and rest. Unfortunately, there was nobody to give them consoling piece of word, and provide time to relax. Most of the time, they were on their feet carrying the heavy baggage and fighting materials as they adverse towards the battlegrounds. The act of carrying this heavy baggage symbolizes the weight of the challenges they faced which at some point was unbearable to carry. Some of the soldiers decided to run away because of the amount and intensity of the war. Therefore, analyzing the weight of the baggage shows how

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Law - Essay Example The company should complete the ET3 form so that they can be able to defend the claimant’s claim of unfair dismissal then present it to the employment tribunal within 28days from the time it received the claimants form. The Employment tribunal is mandated to listen to cases that arise in employment, concerning the employer or the employees over their employment rights. If the company does not present its ET3 form to the employment tribunal default judgment is likely to be entered against them, which will then preclude the company from taking part in the proceedings. If the respondent presents their ET3 form to the tribunal, the tribunal has the power to order for disclosure of all the relevant materials pertaining to the case. The employment rights are enumerated under the employment rights act. The act provides under section 36 that an agreement will be deemed to be terminated upon the last day of the period that is agreed upon. The company gave Jack a notice of termination o f his employment and therefore by virtue of the notice his employment was terminated upon the lapse of the period given for termination. ... When it comes to poor performance and misconduct the employment rights act stipulates under sections 38(2) and (3) that an employer shall only terminate the employee’s contract of employment if there is no other cause of action that can be taken. Further, the act states that, when there is a charge made against the employee for misconduct or poor performance the employee should be given the chance to respond to such a charge. It is after the employee has responded to such a charge that the employer can then effect his termination. Gross misconduct is whereby the employee conducts himself so badly that his behaviour ruins the relationship between him and his employer that leads to immediate dismissal. In the above case, the company did not give the employee an opportunity to reply to a charge of misconduct or poor performance. The company raised the allegations of his misconduct and poor performance after his contract had already been terminated. We see that it is only after th e termination of Jack’s contract that the employer became aware of the fact that he had a drinking problem and discovered the empty bottles of alcohol in his desk. Apart from Jack coming to work in an unacceptable condition, all the reasons were brought up after the employee had left the premises of the company that proves that he was not given a chance to respond to any charge that was brought against him and he was neither given a reason for his termination. The company acted wisely in giving the employee a notice of termination instead of instant termination. The tribunal considers instant termination seriously; it looks to see if the employer’s reasons for termination were reasonable and if it was fair considering the circumstances of the case. This will mean

IS THERE A LINK BETWEEN POST TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROME AND GENETICS Research Paper

IS THERE A LINK BETWEEN POST TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROME AND GENETICS - Research Paper Example he severity of the symptoms experienced by an individual and there have been copious amounts of research in order to explain this aspect of the disorder in various psychological paradigms. Researchers have also hypothesized that there may be a genetic diathesis involved in determining an individual’s susceptibility to developing PTSD. A twin study conducted on Vietnam veteran further shows a significant genetic contribution but the evidence cannot be deemed as completely reliable. (Segman & Shalev, 2003) In order to substantiate the claims, the individual needs to exhibit PTSD symptoms that can only occur following the individual’s exposure to a traumatic incident. However, researchers still managed to gather important data by observing similar brain activities and hormonal levels amongst family members that can still be used to form a hypothesis that genetic make-up does play a huge role in regulating the Serotonin levels that controls the severity of the symptoms experiences by the individual, as a result genetics also act as a barometer to predict the risk and resilience in the individual. (Segman & Shalev, 2003) In modern nursing, it is important for the health care providers to understand the exact nature of the disorder and since, genetics is an extraneous variable that regulates the severity of the disorder it will further enable the clinicians to understand the exact situation of the client and establish mutual feelings of equanimity and empathy to make the client understand that their situation is not their fault and it can be overcome with strict adherence to the treatment regimen (Watson, 2008). The explanations provided by the researchers are merely hypotheses as of now but the subject is still undergoing intensive research. This will further enhance the understanding of genetic pathways and enable clinicians and psychological professional to discover tangible evidence that elaborates upon the role of gene in the development and prognosis for

Business enterprise Essay Example for Free

Business enterprise Essay Design a website for a business enterprise, meeting user requirements I have designed my own website and my aim was to meet the requirements that my users need and desire from a health and beauty business. The specific purpose for my site is to promote my ethical made produce while keeping people happy and giving them what they want and expect. Furthermore, the purpose for my site is to give my customers a sense of my brands personality and to hopefully retain them my users and continue to grow though e-commerce. Its purpose is to inform people of â€Å"who I am† and â€Å"what we do† and provide my customers with efficiency while saving time on my part and increasing my customer base. I am defining my website to 14 – 35 year olds who have an interest in keeping healthy and looking nice while still being ethical and beneficial to the environment. My products range from hair, skin, nails, make-up, music, candles and many more, so whoever is interested in these, I will be defining my website to them. On my website I have six webpages (with links to others) and these include a homepage, transaction page, enquiry/chat help page, review/customer feedback page, our story page, our products page and an additional â€Å"find us† page and â€Å"our philosophy† page. I have thought about how I am going about retaining customer and encouraging repeat visits by inserting certain aspects, for example, a product on sale. I have thought about how I will build trust from my site and I have added a chat help page so customers can ask questions and present enquiries. I also have thought about celebrity promotion and how someone who people trust, trusting a brand can help users to build trust and confidence. P5 Describe how the design meets user needs My website design is designed to be simplistic but interesting to look at while providing users with all the appropriate information to guide them and also keep them safe and feeling protected. The layout is designed to be simple to read with all the appropriate pages aligned so they are easy to pinpoint. There isn’t a lot on each page itself which means that customers avoid getting confused and can navigate around my site without stress. One of the functions of my site is to encourage interaction with particular sites that shows my business in a good light such as â€Å"sure2amaze.com† which I have copied and paste a link so users can view professional/customer feedback compared to other health and beauty products. I also have linked my  Facebook page and Twitter which enables off-site conversation, allowing users to create a circle of interaction that extends from on-site conversations to off-site conversations. In regards to my market segmentation, my user needs is to be efficient, up to date and engaging. In relation to the website in general, my website needs to be speedy, accessibility, good navigation and provide information. My website is modern yet has a vintage twist via the product bottles being the original brown pipet glass bottles that people might have used a while back. I engage my customer with marketing strategies such as celebrity promotions, and my website server is quick meaning the users experience doesn’t experience any turbulence. Furthermore, all my website pages are aligned at the top of the page which never disappears. In addition to all this, I have pages such as â€Å"our philosophy† or â€Å"our story† which presents users with appropriate information to establish personal connections with the customer to engage them. I feel all these features are appropriate because not only to the engage the user and encourage them to remain on my website, information about our story and celebrity recognition can enable the user to build trust and confidence when navigating around the site or making a purchase. Feeling protected can also build trust with the user and my security padlock image gives the user reassurance that when they are on the site they are safe which makes it appropriate because the user will not continue to shop with you if they experience any problems and feel they are taking a risk. My domain name is â€Å"www.aesthetic-cosmetics.co.uk† and this briefly means, a unique name that identifies an â€Å"internet resource† such as my website. The hosting option I chose is â€Å"wix.com† where I pay monthly fees to keep my website active on the internet. Hosting options basically means where a website reside in order to be ready to be viewed by online visitors. The security settings I chose is â€Å"comoo authentic padlock† which protects my users from any dangerous website additions and informs them that their personal information will be safe. Security setting basically protects the users information by safely storing this in the sites system and reassuring them that it will not be used for unapproved purposes. M2 Assess how the website design meets user requirements My market segmentation is 14 – 35 year olds who have an interest in keeping  healthy and looking nice. The attributes my target market has is being cautious about their image, being on trend including all different ethnicities, backgrounds and sexual natures. Other attributes of the younger generation might include being active online and more aware of what companies should deliver via being ethical and providing security for users. I believe my target group want something engaging so therefore colourful and interesting to look at while being individual and unique. The type of typography that my market segmentation will be attracted too are writing techniques which has explosive words of colour while still being professional and easily readable. The typography of young adults/teens are to have â€Å"friendly round corners† and that the mojority of teenagers prefered either the font â€Å"bambo† or â€Å"comic sans† accourding the this website; â€Å"http://issuu.com/anna_magombe/docs/research_into_typographic_design_for_young_people_†. The data was easy to find and I found this on a website which displayed an easy to read booklet on the â€Å"typography design for young people†. My website portrays the overall organisational objectives for my site by adopting an easy-to-use column of pages in the header which means users can easily navigate around the website. Another reason why my website portrays organisation is the features included such as a chat link, safety settings, customer feedback, information all come together to define an organised website with all the relevant features to meet user needs. Without these features, my website would appear to be disorganised and lacking in relation to customer satisfaction standards. D2 Evaluate the extent to which the website design meets user requirements, making recommendations for improvements In my opinion, I believe my website to have been designed well, but due to the lack of efficiency through Wix, I feel my design layout could have been improved if I used a more user-friendly hosting option. I feel the pictures and colour screen are engaging and simplistic. However because of the lack of features via Wix, I believe my website look crowded and I understand that some of the information designed to improve my users experience might be looked over and missed out in relation to the positioning and font size (chosen from the lack of space). Some improvements I could have made would be choosing a different hosting option other than Wix. The reason for this is because there is room for improvement in the user friendly side of things in relation to this hosting option.

Police And The Use Of Force Shakoya

Police And The Use Of Force Shakoya There have been several issues concerning the policies that underline the use of force within the field of law enforcement. Favorable opinions, negative objections, and indecisive feelings about the use of force have varied throughout the public as well as within the criminal justice system when it comes to this policy. For a number of years, it has been extremely difficult in determining the proper definition of what is considered to be the use of force or the proper use of force, especially in regards to law enforcement. Ironically, there have been dozens of studies on police and the use of force and research concluded that there is no single accepted definition. Must police use force? Not only should the answer to this question include the circumstances surrounding the situation but it should also include the amount of force able to be used in each unique situation. This question will especially benefit a police officer when determining the amount of force that should be exerted on criminal suspects. Overall, in order for one to fully understand the various definitions of use of force, one must be able to appreciate the background, causes, and ways to reduce the use of force. The basic problem is the lack of routine, national systems for collecting data on incidents in which police use force during the normal course of duty and on the extent of excessive force. Literature Review The term, use of force, describes a right of an individual or authority to settle conflicts or prevent certain actions by applying measures to either: dissuade another party from a particular course of action, or physically intervene to stop them (Burke, 2005). The authority of the police to use force represents one of the most misunderstood powers granted to representatives of government. Use of force from a law enforcement perspective is using any means necessary to bring a volatile situation to a more manageable and/or resolved state. Adler (2007) found as leading police historians have demonstrated, early law enforcers worked in a hostile environment. Established during an era of soaring violence, when riots were commonplace and when social divisions cleaved cities into competing neighborhoods, American policemen, in Chicago and elsewhere, faced a daunting task. They were expected to maintain order, yet they lacked legitimacy and remained shackled to a partisan, often corrupt, institutional structure in which they were encouraged to use their influence and muscle for overtly political tasks, such as safeguarding their patrons and quelling labor unrest. All the while, American law enforcers battled to command respect and to control the streets. Types of Force The officer has a range of force options from which to choose. For instance, police officers are authorized to use both psychological and physical force to apprehend criminals and solve crimes. Sometimes, the mere presence of the police officer is enough control. At other times, verbal commands are needed. The compliance hold (physical force) is the next stage of control, followed by the use of non-lethal weapons such as the baton or chemical spray. Lastly, a police officer may resort to the use of deadly force, which by all means should try to be avoided unless deemed necessary (Douthit, 1975). It is widely regarded that the police in any given society have a difficult job to fulfill. Dealing with criminals and placing themselves in harms way on a day to day basis is definitely an admirable calling. Although seen as difficult, there is an underlying sentiment in the general public that the job of law enforcement officers is relatively straightforward. Police are faced with tough moral decisions daily. They are to decide when and how to act when presented with violations of the law. They are given the use of force as a means of crime prevention but often times the very usage of this force is questioned and sometimes, deemed unnecessary or excessive (Engel,1997). When the use of force exceeds that which is necessary to accomplish their lawful purpose, or when their purpose is not lawful apprehension or self-defense but, rather personal retaliation, it is defined as excessive use of force and is unethical and illegal (Pollock, 2010). The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) in Data Collection on Police Use of Force, states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the legal test of excessive forceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦is whether the police officer reasonably believed that such force was necessary to accomplish a legitimate police purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ However, there are no universally accepted definitions of reasonable and necessary because the terms are subjective. A court in one jurisdiction may define reasonable or necessary differently than a court in a second jurisdiction. More to the point is an understanding of the improper use of force, which can be divided into two categories: unnecessary and excessive. The unnecessary use of force would be the application of force where there is no justification for its use, while an excessive use of force would be the application of more force than required where use of force is necessary (U.S. Dept of Justice, 2008). An excessive amount of force can range from a severe man handling during arrest that seems or is unnecessary to excessive use of non-lethal force. The use of non-lethal force can sometimes be considered excessive, when the uses of chemical spray, bean bag guns, or tasers, are over used to resolve a problem (McDonald,2003). However, since they are non-lethal they can be seen as reasonable use of force. Therefore, the amount of force a policeman uses does not solely depend on himself but his or her discretion. Adams (1995), states that defining excessive force in order to understand and control is not a simple matter. Every situation that possibly involves the use of force is unique. Situations may be similar or seem to mirror one another but no situation is the same. By situations varying from the differences in people, regions, beliefs, and backgrounds to tailor a particular definition, or create certain guidelines for the use of force is difficult. The dilemma, according to Rahtz (2 003), is the lack of a clear agreement on what constitutes legitimate use of force. The public, as well as the police, understand that in some situations, force is not only necessary and unavoidable, but is required, if serious injury, death or destruction of property is to be avoided (Buker,2007). However, police officers must learn to use force lawfully. You cannot use lethal force at will or use force when it is not permissible. The idea and ability of managing force by police officers is directly related to establishing responsibility and accountability to encourage the use of reasonable force (Ng, 2009). Some people believe police should not have the power to use force, no matter what the situation. They believe everything can be solved along peaceful terms in which no one can be injured or killed (Ng, 2009). Police are allowed to use force during the course of their daily activities. Force can be used to make arrests, maintain order, or keep the peace. The important thing is that the police officer is able to gain control of the situation. How the officer gains control is left up to his or her judgment: In other words, an officer most often attempts to take control of a confrontation by defining the situation (Alpert, Smith, 1994). Causes A major cause of overuse of force, possibly leading to police brutality is the belief that police officers are soldiers in a war on crime. The war mentality says it is okay to do certain things that would not be allowed under normal conditions. Police adopt this mentality because of citizens, whose fear of crime has reached an all-time high, and because of politicians, who publicize the notion that tough cops prevent crime (Albert, Smith, 1994). Harmon (2008), indicates Haduring an arrest, an officer might give verbal commands to a suspect to stop, to keep his hands visible, to turn around and place his hands against the wall, to submit to a pat-down, to put his hands behind his back for handcuffing, to come along to the car, to get in, to get booked at the station. Most suspects are compliant and require no more than a guiding arm, but those who refuse or resist, and occasionally those who do not, may provoke a forcible response. Subjects of police uses of force often respond with a llegations of law enforcement brutality. Sometimes these allegations are baseless, a product of misunderstanding what might justify lawful force or of false accusation (Matthew, 2006). Other times they represent a just demand for recognition and redress for damaged bodies and spirits. Clearly, when the law confronts claims under these statutes that an officer used too much force during an arrest, the central question for federal liability is what constitutes constitutionally excessive force under the Eighth Amendment; the Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution enforce cruel and unusual punishment (Matthew, 2006). In our society, police are in a very precarious situation when it comes to the amount of force they can apply when dealing with a civilian suspect. Whether it be physical force, persuasion, or coercion; they must use discretion when deciding what course of action best suits the situation (Douthit, 1975). Discretion is the authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead ones own judgment; allows for individualization and informality in the administration of justice (Buker, 2005). This gives the police leeway as to when force is necessary and when it is not, within certain guidelines. For instance, a policeman cannot beat up a man for robbing a store. But, if the robber battered someone in the process of the robbery the policeman could. He could do this because there was a clear threat of danger to himself or to another officer or human being. Police must take the precise course of action to fit the time, because if they are too lenient or to for ceful, even when dealing with the pettiest things, they can be chastised by superiors and the public. The force the police use should not exceed the threat of force that could be applied on them by someone else. As one can see in the many case histories the excessive use of force is very rarely punished on legal terms (Matthew, 2006). The police nearly always get exonerated from the charged placed on them, even though substantial evidence may be in the prosecutions favor. Why is this? Being that the police enforce the law, they become analogous with the law (Adams, 1995). When officers are placed in situations where excessive force can be used, they use this knowledge of past precedent to get away with their excessive aggression. The 1991 beating of California motorist Rodney King will have an impact on law enforcement for years to come. The videotape of the horrifying beating, broadcast nationwide, resulted in public outrage over police brutality. The broadcasting showed three Los Angeles police officers beating with metal batons, kicking and stomping on a seemingly defenseless African American male as their supervisor watched (Gray, 2006). Regardless of the videotape, a jury in Simi Valley concluded that the evidence was not adequate to convict these officers. Everyone seemed to believe that the police used excessive force in arresting King. This case caused a special commission to investigate whether brutality was widespread within the police department. Police departments across the country likewise reviewed their own policies on excessive force. Despite these efforts, citizen complaints about police brutality have increased since the Rodney King beating. Where an officers initial use of force is provoked and lawful, the line between a legal arrest and an unlawful deprivation of civil rights within the aggravated assault guidelines is relatively thin. The line between reasonable force and a criminal excessive force beating is thin indeed. There is no middle ground, no buffer zone. Its either reasonable or criminal. One extra baton strike, shove or control holds can make the difference between an officer doing his job and being sent to prison (Johnson, 2007). Ways to Reduce Use of Force In order to reduce the improper and excessive use of force, the law must be enforced in its totality. Police must not be able to get away with the use of excessive force on undeserving offenders. Police who commit this crime should be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. They should be made as examples, so this crime does not happen in the future (Alpert, Smith, 1994). It is not a question of should or whether, but when and how much. Guidelines define when deadly force should be used: The use of such force is prescribed by state and federal statutes. In an effort to curb the discretionary power used by police, there is a set of written procedures (Burns, Crawford, 1998). Providing a framework for police to follow is one method employed to try and counteract individual decision making by trying to prevent officers from deviating from procedure. Another method used to control police more thoroughly is the creation of watchdog units within the department. Often times, this comes in the form of an internal affairs office. This is a department within a police department which is strictly in existence to ensure that police are acting responsibly and also to investigate any allegations against officers that may arise. The Continuum Scale is believed to be one of the most efficient sources used to ensure the appropriate amount of force is used. A use of force continuum is a standard that provides law enforcement officials security guards with guidelines as to how much force may be used against a resisting subject in a given situation. In certain ways it is similar to the military rules of engagement. It was designed as a general guide to using force in a confrontation or arrest situation and to make sure police officers use the appropriate level of force necessary in the performance of their duties (Burns, Crawford, 2009). The scale will assist officers in applying the law and departmental policy in use of force situations, documenting the use of force, and presenting testimony in a court proceeding. The purpose of these models is to clarify, both for officers and citizens, the complex subject of use of force by law officers. Implementation With pertinent criticisms of the use of force by law enforcement, there has been a development of a Police Training Model to assist with attempting to reduce the use of force by police officers. For instance, as of 1999, the COPS Office provided funding to PERF and the Reno (Nevada) Police Department to develop an alternative national model for training new officers that would incorporate community policing and problem-based learning techniques. The resulting Police Training Officer (PTO) Program addresses the traditional duties of policing in the context of specific neighborhood problems and includes several segments on the use of force. The PTO Program is an alternative to the 30-year-old San Jose Field Training Officer (FTO) Program. Many agencies are using the outlines of the PTO Program to develop their own in-house programs adapted to their particular needs (US. Dept of Justice, 2008). Methodology The literature is in general agreement that police are in a very precarious situation when it comes to the amount of force they can apply when dealing with a civilian suspect. There is no clear definition of use of force because the terms are subjective. The methodology used in this research was a qualitative approach. Many early studies utilized official report statistics to measure the outcome of the variables use of force and excessive use of force. Contacts between Police and the Public, a 1999 BJS report, estimated that less than half of 1 percent of an estimated 44 million people who had face-to-face contact with a police officer were threatened with or actually experienced force. Other studies report similar statistics. It is these few situations, however, that attract public attention. Robert K. Olsen, former Minneapolis Police Chief and Past President, Police Executive Research Forum (PERF), early in 2004 called the use of force the single most volatile issue facing police departments. He noted that just one use of force incident can dramatically alter the stability of a police department and its relationship with a community (U. S. Dept of Justice, 2008). Also, according to International Association of Chiefs of Police (2001), one of the most publicly debated aspects of police use of excessive force during the last year, is the racial characteristic of participants in use of force encounters. There were 8,148 reported incidents of police use of force in which the contributors (police departments) included racial descriptions for officers and suspects. Of this total, 39% involved white officers using force on white subjects, 44% involved white officers using force on African American subjects, 7% involved African American officers using force on African American subjects and 3.4% involved African American officers using force on white subjects. Overall, police department policies can have a significant impact on how force is used in street-level encounters, says a 2003 study by the Community Relations Services of the U.S. Department of Justice, Principles of Good Policing: Avoiding Violence Between Police and Citizens. The BJS Data Collection statistics reported, stresses the need for police executives to improve training of recruits and police officers on the use of force and the techniques for minimizing its application. It also so stresses the need to reduce the negative perception of police officers and the use of force within the publics opinion (U.S. Dept of Justice, 2008). Limitations Several key points could have been operationalized differently. For instance, every day, law enforcement officers face danger while carrying out their responsibilities. When dealing with a dangerous or unpredictable situation, police officers usually have very little time to assess it and determine the proper response. It is evident that the proper training as well as other guidelines can enable the officer to react properly to the threat or possible threat and respond with the appropriate tactics to address the situation, possibly including some level of force, if necessary, given the circumstances (U.S. Dept of Justice, 2008). The need for improved data collection systems can also be justified by considering the legal liabilities that law enforcement agencies have with their use of force, from both lethal and less-than-lethal weapons. The research conducted over the last 30 years on police use of force consistently calls for improved data collection at the local and national level. Conclusion In short, the purpose of this study was to determine the meaning of use of force, who can use force when and how much. The term of use of force describes a right of an individual or authority to settle conflicts or prevent certain actions by applying measures to either: dissuade another party from a particular course of action, or physically intervene to stop them (Buker, 2005). A major cause for police use of force is the belief that police officers are solders in a war on crime. The continuum scale is one of the most effective sources use to ensure the appropriate amount of force is being used. All in all, one may view the use of force as a glass half empty, and some view the glass half full, which simply states it all depends on how you look at the situation. Works Cited Adams, K. (1995). Measuring the prevalence of police abuse of force. In W.A. Geller and H. Toch (Eds.), And Justice for All: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum. Adler, J. (2007). Shoot to Kill: The Use of Deadly Force by the Chicago Police, 1875-1920. Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 38(2), 233-254. Retrieved August 26, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database. Alpert, S. (1994). How Reasonable is the Resonable Man. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology . Buker, H. (2005). Understanding Police Use of Force / Understanding Police Use of Force: Officers, Suspects and Reciprocity / Into the Killing Zone: A Cops Eye View of Deadly Force. International Journal of Police Science Management, 7(3), 208-217. Retrieved August 24, 2009, from Academic Search Complete database Douthit, N. (2003). Enforcement and non-enforcement roles in policing. Journal of Police Science and Administratin , 339. Engel, R. (2008). Revisiting Critical Issues in Police Use of Force. Criminology and Public Policy , 557-561. Gray, M. (2006, October). The L.A. Riots:15 years after Rodney King. Time . International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2001). Police Use Of Force In America. Retrieved July 6, 2005, from www.theiacp.org/documents/pdts/publication/Pol. Matthew, A. (2006). Understanding Police Use of Force:Officers Suspects and Reciprocity. Comteporary Sociology , 69-71. McDonald, J. (2003). Police Use of Force: Examining the Relationship between Calls for Service and the Balance of Police Force and Suspect Resistance. Journal of Criminal Justice , 119-127. Ng, N. (2009). Rules for the Use of Force. International Peace Operations , 39-42. Rahtz, H. (2003) Understanding Police Use of Force. Criminal Justice Press: New York

Job Order Costing :: essays research papers

Process costing is used for homogenous products (continuous flow processes such as producing cans of soda). Job-order costing is used in situations where the organization offers many different products or services, such as in furniture manufacturing, hospitals, and legal firms. Process costing is used where units of product are homogeneous, such as in flour milling or cement production. The purpose of a job order cost accounting system is to assign and accumulate costs for each job, i.e., an order, a contract, a unit of production, or a batch. Job order costing should be used if the production or service is being performed to meet customer specifications or requirements, if different components are made for inventory, or projects are undertaken to construct real property. Job order costing allows more control, less estimation, and more direct and reliable allocation of costs. . Differences between job-order and process costing. The differences between job-order and process costing occur because the flow of units in a process costing system is more or less continuous and the units are essentially indistinguishable from one another. Under process costing: a. A single homogenous product is produced on a continuous basis over a long period of time. This differs from job-order costing in which many different products may be produced in a single period. b. Total costs are accumulated by department, rather than by individual job. c. The department production report is the key document showing the accumulation and disposition of cost, rather than the job-cost sheet. B. Overview of Process Costing. Manufacturing costs are accumulated in processing departments in a process costing system. A processing department is any location in the organization where work is performed on a product and where materials, labor, and overhead costs are added to the product. Processing departments should also have two other features. First, the activity performed in the processing department should be essentially the same for all units that pass through the department.

Impact of the Affordable Care Act Essay

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) was signed into law by President Barack Obama early in 2010. The ACA was introduced into law to help provide access to affordable and quality health insurance to more Americans than ever before. The goal was to reduce health care cost for individuals and government. It has allowed more adults to be eligible for Medicaid by increasing income eligibility to 138 percent of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL). (Milstead, 2013) However, by ruling of the Supreme Court in June of 2012, states had the option to implement the expansion of Medicaid eligibility to cover more low-income adults. As of January 2014, North Carolina (NC) was one of the states that chose not to implement the expansion of Medicaid making the eligibility for Medicaid for low-income adults very limited. How does this affect the population, economy, cost, and quality of health care? North Carolina’s Right to Refuse According to Knickman and Kovner (2011, p. 110), â€Å"the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution gives states the primary responsibility for public health. Medicaid is administered and overseen by each state but governed by various federal guidelines with the federal government contributing 50%-78% of its costs. (2011) After long debate and review of advantages and disadvantages to implementing the new laws, the North Carolina’s government elected not to adopt the new legislation. Caroll (2013) indicated the decision was based on NC’s current Medicaid system, indicating that is was broken and needing to be revised. There was concern the ACA would cause an increase in taxpayer’s contribution due to the long term costs. As of September 2014, there are 21 states that are following North Carolina’s decision not to adopt the new health care reform. This would leave millions of Americans that would be eligible for Medicaid under the ACA without access to health care.  (StateReforum, 2014) Impact on the Population One of the initiatives of the ACA was to provide more than 32 million uninsured Americans with insurance coverage. This was to be done by increasing the FPL to 138 percent and lifting or altering certain limitations for eligibility to Medicaid. This meant that all Americans whose income was at or below the FPL would be eligible for Medicaid. For example, an unemployed, single, 26-year-old male without any other income would be eligible for Medicaid. Medicaid would no longer be limited to specific categories such as the disabled, children and their parents, or pregnant women whose income was below the FPL. North Carolina’s current Medicaid program â€Å"eligibility for non-disabled adults is limited to parents with incomes below 43% of poverty, or about $10,000 a year for a family of four, and adults without dependent children remain ineligible regardless of their income† (How Will the Uninsured, 2014). Currently, there are over 319,000 uninsured adults in NC that are not eligible for Medicaid, by the current NC guidelines, which would be eligible under the Affordable Care Act. This can lead to increased health care costs and weighs heavily on the economy. Who is to take up the slack? Economic Effects of Doing Nothing Dorgan (2009), Chairman of the Democratic Policy Committee, indicates that the current health care system in NC has â€Å"led to higher health care costs, reduced access to care, and inconsistent quality of care†. The Gross Domestic Product in 2013 for North Carolina, based on millions of dollars spent, was $471,365 million, an increase of over $50,000 million since 2010. (Department of Labor and Workforce, 2013) In 2013, North Carolina’s State Auditor Beth Wood indicated that the state’s Medicaid program had gone over budget for the past three years, costing taxpayers about $1.2 billion. (Hoban, 2013) This leaves businesses and the working population to cover health care costs by paying higher taxes. With unemployment soaring over the last decade, and North Carolina having one of the highest unemployment rates in the United States (Hoban, 2013), less is paid into taxes. This leads to less to cover health care costs. The Affordable Care Act was implemented to decrease the costs of health care for all Americans. According to the White House website (2014) â€Å"the Congressional Budget Office found that health  insurance reform will reduce the deficit by $210 billion in this decade and by more than $1 trillion over the following 10 years. A family of four would save as much as $2,300 on their premiums in 2014 compared to what they would have paid without reform†. Will the decreased costs affect the quality of care being provided? Quality of Care The implementation of the ACA will require a higher standard for quality of care. The ACA promotes the use of accountable care organizations (ACO), which is a type of managed care that includes at least primary physicians, specialists, and hospitals that would be held accountable for the quality of care provided. (Kovener and Knickman, 2011, p. 196) The ACA works to move away from a fee-for-service approach to an accountable care organization (ACO) model that would incorporate a coordinated approach to provide high quality of care. This type of system rewards physicians and health care facilities through how they are paid for the quality of care they provide. The ACA reforms the way health care is delivered to the population by â€Å"creating high-performing organizations of physicians and hospitals that use systems of care and information technology to prevent illness, improve access to care, improve safety, and coordinate services† (What is an Accountable Care, 2011) making them more accountable for the care they provide. Incentives are provided to physicians and healthcare organizations that have shown they can provide quality care and improve patient satisfaction. Ethical Implications How can the government provide quality health care to so many without sacrificing the rights of a few? The ACA was enacted to help provide health care to more adults between the ages of 19-64 years of age that otherwise would not have access to or afford health care. According to Sorrell (2012), Americans want a health care system that will provide quality care, have freedom of choice, be affordable, and allow the costs to be shared among all. There is worry the ACO will lead to cost-shifting. Medicare and Medicaid pay much less for reimbursement for health care treatment. To re-coop their costs, hospitals and health care providers participate in the unethical practice of shifting these losses to patients with insurance by charging more for the same services. Insurance companies then shift these  costs to members by increasing their premiums and out-of-pocket costs. With such an increase in the number of people eligible for Medicaid, providers will be receiving much less for the services they provide. Another concern is for the Americans that do not qualify for Medicaid. Income levels can qualify some for decrease in premiums for health insurance from private companies. However, there will be those that do not qualify in either category and do not have access to health insurance through their employer and cannot afford the high premiums of private insurance. The new health reform requires those that do not have some type of health insurance to have to pay penalties for not having insurance. Conclusion The Affordable Care Act was developed to provide health care to an additional 32 million Americans with the goal of reducing health care costs. Even though there are millions that will now have access to health care, there will be millions that do not qualify for the programs and will remain uninsured. There is much concern and debate the ACA with hurt the economy, increase health care costs, and add to the United States’ deficit. North Carolina, along with 21 other states, have chosen not to adopt the new law and either continue with current guidelines or choose to restructure their current health care policies. Concerns also arise about causing a decrease in quality of health care provided. The development of ACO’s through the ACA implies that quality of health care will be improved. However, there is question that ACO’s will lead to cost-shifting to re-coop lost costs from the influx of American’s now eligible for Medicaid and Medicare. References Caroll, B. (2013). North Carolina Thumbs its Nose at Obamacare. Retrieved from http://watchdogwire.com/northcarolina/2013/02/12/north-carolina-thumbs-its-nose-at-obamacare/ Dorgan, B. (2009). Health Care Reform: The Cost of Doing Nothing in North Carolina. Democratic Policy Committee. Retrieved from http://www.dpc.senate.gov/docs/states-fs-111-1-87/nc.pdf Hoban, R. (April, 2013). Cost of Care: How ‘Broken’ is NC Medicaid?. North Carolina Health News. Retrieved from http://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2013/04/15/how-broken-is-nc-medicaid/

How businesses Work Essay

Introduction For this unit I will give a clear description of the activity, aims and objectives of my chosen business, a description of four functional areas of the business including human resources. Descriptions of the equal opportunities of employees are safeguarded by legislation, an explanation of different functional ways to communicate with each other and external contact. The company I have chosen for this unit is Tesco the reason I chose Tesco is because it is a very successfully growing company. Tesco is public limited company (Plc). (Means that any one can be shareholder) Public limited companies are the largest type of privately owned enterprise in the UK. Tesco sells Groceries, cloths, CDs, videos, DVDs, books, computer games, electrical, school equipment, wines and other alcohol drinks. Tesco offers finances such as loans, credit cards, savings, flexible, and mortgages, travel money. They also offer insurance such as motor insurance, home insurance, life insurance, pet insurance, travel insurance and breakdown cover. One of the other services they offer is Internet shopping, making shopping much easier for customers. Tesco all so has an in store pharmacy. Throughout out years Tesco’s in store pharmacy grown in to one of the country’s leading pharmacy chains. Tesco is currently the leading supermarket in UK. Tesco as a pretty good competition from other supermarket such as Sainsbury, Safeway. But Tesco is cheaper then mot of the other supermarkets and they offer lot more products. Recording to Tesco on average sainsbury’s is 4% more expensive then Tesco and Safeway are 10% more expensive then Tesco. There are more then 700-plus stores and many distribution centres are located in United Kingdom. They have several office sites in the UK. And Ireland, where they’re key support functions is based. The majority of office staff is based in Hertfordshire, Tesco has been operating on a international basis for long time, anticipating the need to become a major retail name in key regions, they moved into central Europe, where they have a strong presence in Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic and the dynamic Asian market. The aims and objectives for Tesco The main aim of tesco is to make profit, just like any other business. This is a important aim because if they don’t make any money then they won’t be able to fund there business and keep it up and running, the other aims are To exceed competition and to increase the number of customers. To recruit new employees with the potential to do well. The most important aim for Tesco is to provide a highly competitive service to the customers. To survive as a business. To expand the business worldwide and to increase image status. To be environmental friendly. The departments of Tesco Customer service, Human resources, Marketing, Finance, Administration, Distribution, Research & Development Production, The functional areas of Tesco Human Resources Human resources are concerned with the employees who work for Tesco. Tesco regard staff as there most important resource. This is impotent recourse for tesco because if the employees were not motivated with good pay and working conditions then tesco would not be very successful because tesco won’t have any workers. But if the tesco motivate their staff and offer good working place for all the staff then they would be keen to work. This helps the Tesco to achieve its aims. The overall purpose of the human resource function is to attract and retain good high quality staff. The human resources department deals with: Recruiting new employees and firing employees Working conditions Health Safety Promotion Development Training Human resources staffs are involved in specific activities such as Recruitment, Retention and Dismissal of staff, The training, development and promotion of staff, Monitoring and maintenance of good working conditions, Liaison with employee’s organizations and trade unions, Health and safety. Tesco recruit by advertising in newspapers, Internet to find the experience workers. Tesco Retention their staff by motivating them and organizing social events, flexible hours. They also offer discounts, holiday pay, and sick pay. Another way to motivate and retain employees is to give them more responsibility, so they fell more involved. Tesco won’t dismiss an employee with out a reason, but if they do they would give them severance pay. Tesco train their employees on the job, so the workers can get use to the surroundings. Off the job training is when employees go somewhere else to train. Development and promotion of staff- if an employee’s work at their best and heaver good punctuality then there is a good chance of that employee getting promotion. When the employee gets a promotion he has to go a way and do the training course. Job roles in human resources: Human resources manager: Human resources manager works most at the store level and tells everyone where to work. Recruitment Officer: Responsible for the recruitment and selection of staff. Training/staff development officer: responsible for training and staff development. Personal / staffing officer: keeping staff records, monitoring staff welfare. Health and safety officer: overseeing all health and safety matters, accident monitoring and prevention. HR administrative assistants: administrative work relating to the human resources function. Administration The administration department helps tesco to run smoothly from day to day. The admin department covers tasks such as clerical work, collecting and distributing mail, keeping records, and organizing meetings, responding to enquiries. Admin is also charge of cleaning, maintenance and security. The administration department all so orders and distributes office goods for Tesco. Administration is also involved in communications between departments e.g. send messages, fax, telephone and receiving and sending mail. They store all the documents and records used by tesco and are responsible for their safekeeping. All theses small jobs which keeps tesco running efficiently. The activities of the Administration department Keeping the company records, Maintenance, Clerical work, Job roles in Administration Company secretary: they are senior executives who are responsible for the legal affairs of Tesco; they deal with shareholders and arrange the directors meetings. Reprographic supervisor: they have the responsibility of making sure the smooth running of the central reprographic section in tesco. Security: they are responsible for the security that tesco needs, which maintains the high level of safety in tesco. Manager: he is the manager for the it requirements for tesco which include advising of the central reprographic section in tesco. Finance Another functional area in Tesco is finance. The finance keeps track of all the money going in and out of the Tesco. Financial department can notify how much stock tesco sells, how much tesco spend on their stock, employees and other general expenses. This department sets budgets for all other departments at tesco to keep their planned level of income and expenditure, they keep up with how much each department spends because finance get all the employees as well because the payment of their wages and salaries is part of that function. They get a set wage each week, which is sent in to the employee’s bank account. The purpose of the finance function is to Keep all the finance records required by Tesco (receipts and payments that have been made) Pay salaries to the staff. Pay the suppliers, Providing up-to date financial information for the managers about the business performance. The activities of the finance department Preparing accounts Obtaining money Paying salaries Job roles in finance department Financial manager: Financial manager manage the finance function and staff. Credit controller: Credit controller ensures that money owing to Tesco is kept with in agreed level. Chief accountant: is responsible for preparation of Tescos accounts. Financial director: He gives advice to Tesco senior managers on financial matters about game. They oversee Tesco’s budget and are in charge of all financial fuctios in tesco. Marketing Department The job of the marketing department in tesco is to sell the finished products to the customers. If the marketing department fails the whole company fails. The department identifies the consumer’s requirements and supply their needs. This involves a lot of market research and finding out what the customer’s requirements are. Tesco use many types of initiatives to encourage customers to shop with them. For a example Tesco offers club cards that gives the customers points which are exchange in to money off in their next shopping trip, tesco offers internet shopping so that it is easier and quicker for the customers to do their shopping. Tesco carry out many activates to find out about customers such as Internet questionnaires, which is based on the net. (Or can be on the store). They do this to find out what customers needs and try to cater them, by doing this they increase customers and profit. This department is responsible for the advertising, promotion and selling of goods. They are therefore likely to take advantage of using the Internet for research purposes, sending out letters and questionnaires to assess the needs of customers and using the telephone as a means of telesales. Job roles in Marketing Department Marketing director: responsible for the overall marketing function and its aims and objectives. Sales director: responsible for the sales function. Sales manager: responsible for sales staff and the achievement of sales targets. Export manager: responsible for overseas agents. Order clerks: accept and process sales orders. Marketing director: he is in charge of the whole marketing department. Advertising manager: he is in charge of advertising and meeting with agencies over publicity. Communication between departments of Tesco Written forms include: Letters – Formal and slow. Normally used for formal communication, which do not require a quick response. Usually addressed to an individual. Memos – Formal/Informal and Slow. Used to address a wider audience. E-mail – Formal/Informal and Fast. Used for quick response, group or individual. Verbal forms include: Telephone – Formal/Informal Used to discuss issues with a specific person for a quick response. Interviews – Formal/Informal Used to speak to a specific person, usually regarding a specific issue. Meetings – Formal/Informal Employed to discuss specific issues, for an audience of up to 8 people. Presentations – Formal Used to cover issues that concern a large proportion of the employees. In addition to these there are things like internal invoices, requisition orders, posters, notices, group discussion events, etc. Tesco can use these form of communication in many ways for a example if the administration department organise a meeting but ends up they can’t make it they they can telephone the heads of all the departments and tell them that the meetings been cancelled. There are many ways to communicate but the two main ones are oral and written. These include memos. Letters mobile phones and verbal and all of these, have there advantages and disadvantages. For intense E-mails have their advantages and disadvantages mails are resaved quickly they can be send to more then one person at a time, they can be kept for long time and it’s a very cheap way to communicate. Their disadvantages are that they can take long time to type up and people can misspell words and it’s is very uninsured. Telephones are an example of oral communication it’s too as its advantages and disadvantages. The advantages is it’s very fast and an easy way to communicate. Phones can be used to talk to any one in the world in seconds. The disadvantages are it can be expensive to call people out side the country. (UK). If the telephones are disconnected your calls won’t get through and it’s impersonal so contracts can’t be made this way. The person in the other side may not be the person you won’t to speak to so Tesco’s employees can give out important information a way. This form of communication can be useful to get in contact with external contacts because they telephone them and pass what ever information they need quickly and cheaply. Notice boards can be used to display information to large amount of people. People can get all the information they need from the message boards. This form of communication even be use to get a message across to external contacts. This forum of communication is used in tesco for an example if the financial department wants all the employees of the departments to know a particular detail such as if a sudden day off was planned. By putting this information on a notice board the employees can easily read it and find out what they have to do. Memos are quick to write down, cheap and easy to use. They are not secure because any one can read them. They can be used in game if one department has a not so important message to give to another because they can take some time to get where they need to go. This form of communication may be used if someone wants a message to be short and if they don’t need it going somewhere urgently e.g. office equipment needed. This would be sent to admin who would then order the needed equipment. Examples of communication betweens departments The marketing department will contact the finance department by faxing them a letter saying that they need finical backup to advertise a new product. Another example of this form of communication being used in Tesco is if the finance department wants to send to admin a load of invoices. This form of communication would be used if a document needed to be sent because a telephone would be useless because the recipient can not read the document over the phone. . . How Tescos customer services help achieve the companies aims Tesco reduce they prices very often. They all ways keep customers up to date by handing out leaflets and advertisements on TV. Good customer service means happy customers. If the tesco keeps they are customers happy they get more customers. The employees serve good customer service so the customers come back to the shop at Tesco’s again and again. Organisational structure of Tesco Tesco’s Matrix structure Matrix structure The advantage of Matrix structure is that information and ideas flow very quickly between the departments. So the product can be released before other companies. They take specialists from the hierarchical structure to form the Matrix structure. So they can release new products before other companies. After they released the products they go back and do their normal jobs in the hierarchical structure. All the specialists in the Matrix structure are equal and have an equal say in the product that is going to be released. Tesco use this kind of Matrix structure because the old Hierarchical structure was not the best structure for tesco because they are such a large company. Also the other companies where releasing their products before tesco so that’s why they had to replace their structure. Hierarchical Organisational Structure Tesco’s Hierarchical Structure Above is a hierarchical organizational structure for Tesco. It’s shows how the business works and who works for who. For an example Accounts Clark work for Administration Manager and Computer Programmer work for Technical Manager. The disadvantages of the Tesco’s Hierarchical Structure is that massagers take a long time to flow down to the shops floor and some times the massagers can get mixed up. Another destadvantage of the Hierarchical Structure is that a company can release the product before Tesco release it. This is because it takes time for the idea of the product to flow downs the Hierarchical Structure. The advantage of the Hierarchical Structure is that it’s shows the line of power.