Journet free essay sample

When life gives you a hundred reasons to cry, show life that you have a thousand reasons to smile. Unknown I love this quote. With its focus on courage and discipline, it is something I have triumphantly come to own over the last two years. My childhood has not been idyllic: I have suffered enormous loss and I made many mistakes in response to that loss. But my challenges have also taught me lessons that some people aren’t fortunate enough to learn throughout a lifetime. One sunny March afternoon when I was twelve my world became dim. The normal became surreal. My mom met us at the school bus, crying. When inside, we were told to stay downstairs and wait. Something wasn’t right; my dad’s car was in the driveway, his coat was on the kitchen chair, but he was nowhere in sight. Before long, the police and paramedics were at the door. We will write a custom essay sample on Journet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wanted to cry. I wanted to run upstairs and just see my dad. My uncle and aunt soon arrived and whisked my sister and me away. As we drove off, I knew deep down that I would never see my dad again. My mom told us that night, through tears, that my dad was gone. He had committed suicide. The pain I felt was indescribable. I was in a bad place after my dad died: darkness enfolded me and I lost my direction. I did poorly in school both freshmen and sophomore years and I made other negative choices, as well. But all along I knew this wasn’t really me. I knew had to change, but I couldn’t find the strength or clarity to do so until the summer before my junior year when I suffered another devastating loss; a friend died in an automobile accident. Wow. I now knew for certain how short life can be. It became really clear to me that I didn’t have time to waste. I needed to get my life on track. After Erica died, I researched churches in my area and came across one tha t seemed right. I reached out to staff, which embraced me and helped me to find my footing on a positive path. I started my junior year with my head high and am very proud to say that I made honor roll all year and am doing just as well senior year. I have come out of the darkness into a bright and meaningful place. In the past 2 years, I have learned to smile again and to do so with pride and genuine joy. The tragedy that I suffered and the mistakes I made are part of who I am. In spite of the pain, these events have made me so much deeper and wiser. As Aristotle Onassis said, â€Å"It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light.† I have learned that focusing to see the light is a hard-won, but incredibly valuable discipline.

The Trump Effect in Schools

The Trump Effect in Schools A ten-day surge of hate crimes followed the election of Donald Trump in November 2016. Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) documented nearly 900 incidents of hate crimes and bias incidents, most committed in celebration of Trumps win, in the days following the election. These incidents occurred in public places, places of worship, and at private homes, but across the country, the largest proportion of incidents- more than a third- occurred in the nations schools. Zeroing in on the problem of Trump-related hate within U.S. schools, SPLC surveyed 10,000 educators from across the country in the days following the presidential election and found that the Trump Effect is a serious nationwide problem. The Trump Effect: Increased Hate and Bullying and Heightened Fear and Anxiety In their 2016 report titled The Trump Effect: The Impact of The 2016 Presidential Election on Our Nations Schools, SPLC reveals the findings of their nationwide survey. The survey found that the election of Trump had a negative effect on the climate within the vast majority of the nations schools. The research reveals that the negative aspects of the Trump Effect are two-fold. On the one hand, in most schools, students who are members of minority communities are experiencing heightened anxiety and fear for themselves and their families. On the other hand, in many schools across the nation, educators have observed a sharp uptick in verbal harassment, including the  use of slurs and hateful language directed at minority students, and have observed swastikas, Nazi salutes, and display of Confederate flags. Of those who responded to the survey, a quarter said that it was clear from the language students used that the incidents they observed were directly related to the election. In fact, according to a survey of 2,000 educators conducted in March 2016, the Trump Effect began during the primary campaign season. Educators who completed this survey identified Trump as an inspiration for bullying and a source of fear and anxiety among students. The increase in bias and bullying that educators documented in the spring skyrocketed in the aftermath of the election. According to reports by educators, it appears that this side of the Trump Effect is found primarily in schools in which the student population is majority white. In these schools, white students target  immigrants, Muslims, girls, LGBTQ students, disabled kids, and Clinton supporters with hateful and biased language. Attention to bullying in schools has increased in recent years, and some might wonder if what is being called the Trump Effect is simply run-of-the-mill behavior among todays students. However, educators across the country reported to SPLC that what they have observed during the primary campaign and since the election is new and alarming. According to educators, what they have witnessed in the schools where they work is an unleashing of a spirit of hatred they had not seen before. Some teachers reported hearing openly racist speech and seeing racially inspired harassment for the first time in careers of teaching that spanned multiple decades. Educators report that this behavior, inspired by the words of the president-elect, have exacerbated already existing class and racial divisions within schools. One educator reported witnessing more fights in 10 weeks than in the previous 10 years. Studying and Documenting the Trump Effect on Americas Schools The data compiled by SPLC were collected via an online survey that the organization disseminated through several groups for educators, including Teaching Tolerance,  Facing History and Ourselves, Teaching for Change, Not in Our Schools, the American Federation of Teachers, and Rethinking Schools. The survey included a mix of closed- and open-ended questions. The closed questions offered educators the opportunity to describe changes to the climate in their school after the election, while the open-ended ones gave them the opportunity to provide examples and descriptions of the kinds of behavior and interactions they had witnessed among students and how educators are handling the situation. The data gathered through this survey are both quantitative and qualitative in nature. Between the 9th and 23rd of November, they received responses from 10,000 educators from across the country who submitted more than 25,000 comments in response to the open-ended questions. SPLC points out that, because it used a purposive sampling technique to gather the data- sending it to selected groups of educators- it is not nationally representative in a scientific sense. However, with its large nationwide set of respondents, the data paint a rich and descriptive picture of what is happening in many of Americas schools following the 2016 election. The Trump Effect by the Numbers Its clear from the results of SPLCs survey that the Trump Effect is prevalent among the nations schools. Half of the educators surveyed reported that students in their schools were targeting each other based on which candidate they supported, but this goes beyond teasing. A full 40 percent reported hearing derogatory language directed at students of color, Muslim students, immigrants and those perceived as immigrants, and at students on the basis of their gender or sexual orientation. In other words, 40 percent reported witnessing incidents of hate in their schools. The same percentage believe that their schools are not equipped to deal with incidents of hate and bias that occur so regularly. The survey results show that it is​ an  anti-immigrant bias that is at the center of the Trump Effect on Americas schools. Of the more than 1,500 incidents that SPLC was able to categorize, 75 percent were anti-immigrant in nature. Of the remaining 25 percent, most were racially motivated and racist in nature. Types of incidents reported by respondents: 672 reported hearing threats of deportation476 reported hearing references to build the wall117 reported hearing the N-word used as a racial slur89 reported that Black students were told to go back to Africa54 reported presence of swastikas on campus40 reported references to the Ku Klux Klan  http://civilliberty.about.com/od/historyprofiles/tp/History-Ku-Klux-Klan-KKK.htm31 reported seeing the Confederate flag20 reported references to a return to slavery18 reported references to pussy (as in, grab her by)13 reported references to Nazi and/or use of the Nazi salute11 reported references to lynching and nooses How School Demographics Filter the Trump Effect The SPLC survey revealed that the Trump Effect is not present in all schools  and that in some, only one side of it manifests. According to educators, schools with majority-minority students populations are not seeing incidents of hate and bias. However, they report that their students are suffering from increased fear and anxiety over what the election of Trump means for them and their families. The Trump Effect on majority-minority schools is so severe that some educators report that the students in their schools appear to be suffering from ​a  trauma that hinders their ability to focus and learn. One educator wrote,  Their brains can literally handle a fraction of what students could learn in these same classes in the previous 16 years I have taught them. Some students at these schools have expressed suicidal ideation, and in general, educators report a loss of hope among students. It is in schools with racial diversity that both sides of the Trump Effect are present, and where racial and class tensions and divisions are now heightened. However, the survey revealed that there are two types of schools where the Trump Effect has not manifested: those with overwhelmingly white student populations, and in schools where educators have intentionally cultivated a climate of inclusion, empathy, and compassion, and that have established programs and practices in place for responding to divisive events that occur in society. That the Trump Effect is not present in majority-white schools but prevalent among those that are racially diverse or majority-minority suggests that race and racism are at the heart of the crisis. How Educators Can Respond Together with Teaching Tolerance, SPLC offers some informed recommendations for educators on how to manage and mitigate the Trump Effect in their schools. They point out that it is important for administrators to set a tone of inclusion and respect through school communications and everyday actions and language.Educators must acknowledge the warranted fear and anxiety that many students are experiencing, and develop and implement plans for responding to this particular form of trauma and make the school community aware that these resources exist.Raise awareness within the school community of bullying, harassment,  and bias, and reiterate school policies and expectations for student behavior.Encourage staff and students to speak up when they see or hear hate or bias directed at members of their community or themselves so that offenders are made aware that their behavior is unacceptable.Finally, SPLC warns educators that they must be prepared for a  crisis. Clear policies and procedures must be in place and all educators within the school community must know what they are and what their role is in carrying them out before a crisis oc curs. They recommend the guide, Responding to Hate and Bias at School.

The Ebola Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Ebola Virus - Research Paper Example The Ebola virus, Sudan and Zaire subtype in particular, were first discovered in an equatorial province west of Sudan and the nearby region of Democratic Republic of Congo formerly Zaire in 1976. The discovery was made after serious epidemics were reported in the village of Yambuku located in the northern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo and Nzara village in the Southern Sudan. The Reston virus was discovered in the western pacific in 1989 during an outbreak of simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), while the Cote d’Ivoire species of virus were discovered in 1994 in a Tai forest in the country of Cote d’Ivoire (Peter, 2009). Some of the early symptoms characterized by the Ebola virus include: headache, sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain and sore throat. Vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function often follows at an advanced stage of the disease, and in some cases both external and internal bleeding have been reported. Resear ch findings have shown low counts of white blood cells and platelets and platelets, as well as elevated liver enzymes (Ryabchikova, 2004). The Ebola Virus is said to be transmitted by direct contact with body fluids of infected individuals or blood, secretions. Transmission of Ebola has been linked to burial ceremonies where mourners have had direct contact with the body of the deceased person who suffered from this virus. The cause of infections of Ebola virus in humans has resulted from the human handling of infected non-human primates such as the chimpanzees, gorillas and consumption of forest antelopes either dead or alive or both. These cases have been reported and documented in the Cote d’Ivoire and the Democratic republic of Congo. The transmission of the Reston species, however, is because of handling the cynomolgus monkey (Bausch, 2011). Health care workers have not been left behind in the infection chain, and they have largely been infected in the line of duty. This is through treating the Ebola patients at a close contact, without following standard infection control precautions, and inadequate nursing procedures has always been the case in most African countries. The incubation period for the disease is put at a minimum of two days and maximum of 21 days (Ryabchikova, 2004). The natural reservoir of the Ebola Virus is still unknown to humans, despite the extensive studies directed to its course. All that is known is that it seems to reside in the rainy forests of the African continent and the western pacific, and although non-human primates have been the source of infections for human, they are believed to have been directly infected by the natural reservoir or some transmission chain in the natural reservoir. Some of the virulent factors that have led to Ebola infections in humans are linked to direct contact with chimpanzees, monkeys, guinea pigs, gorillas and porcupines in the rainy forests of Africa. However, there have been speculations that bats have played a role in maintaining the Ebola virus in the tropical forest since they caught the infection and did not die from it. This case forms one of the many hypotheses developed to explain the origin of the Ebola virus (Peter, 2009). Ebola virus test are extremely biohazard risk and are only conducted under maximum biological containment conditions. Diagnosis of the Ebola can be done under specialized laboratories where

Chicago Police Department Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chicago Police Department - Essay Example The Chicago PD’s first strength is the fact that it has something of a monopoly in its field. When a person wants to take recourse to the legal system for a crime, their only recourse is to the Chicago PD, and by law they are the only group that provide many of the services they do. This means that the Chicago PD does not need to fear competition from any other group or organization providing similar services. The Chicago PD’s second major strength is in another vein, recognisability and marketing. The Police Department is so well known and intrinsically connected to their services in public knowledge that they have no need to spend many resources on marketing simply to let people know they exist and what their services are. Chicago PD’s widespread recognition can, however, be as much of a weakness as it is a strength. While Chicago Police Department is incredibly well known, but as mentioned above its reputation is formed as much by media as anything else, and thus misinformation and messages the Chicago PD do not want to be connected to can be at least as well known as things it wants to be connected to. One of the best ways for the Chicago PD to minimize this weakness is to work with community groups to spread the message that the Chicago PD wants, and actively fight against misrepresentation in media. The Chicago police department’s second main weakness is the fact that it relies heavily on crime reporting to be able to do its job effectively (). The Chicago PD thus must make itself as accessible as possible in order to find true criminals rather than just those who are afraid of the police. The Chicago PD can fight this as much as possible by minimizing the degree to which they attack people who are reporting crimes. Though it is responsible for finding criminals equally, allowing people of questionable immigration status or who might be involved in crime themselves to report crime allows them to respond more universally to crime. The Chicago Police Department has a wide array of opportunities to better fulfill its mission statement. One of the biggest ones revolves around the fact that by its very nature members of the police department have to be in constant contact with the members of the community in which they live. This means that if the Chicago PD can successfully realign itself to focus on community outreach, it can more easily cure the problems of a community rather than just treat the symptoms (Chicago PD 1993). The second major opportunity for the Chicago PD is that technology of policing is constantly advancing, and often at a rate much faster than the forces police are trying to fight (ie. Criminals). This means that if the Police Department successfully identifies trains and begins use of new and emerging technologies it can accomplish its mission with increasing efficiency, as it often does not have to fight competition with access to the same emergent technologies (Sims 2011). The biggest threats to the Chicago PD is the growing trend of people failing to report crimes and settle things using criminal activity, especially gang violence. This undermines the whole system under which the police force works, and

Challenges Facing Organizational Leaders In Nigeria Dissertation

Challenges Facing Organizational Leaders In Nigeria - Dissertation Example The significance of this study is to create awareness of the challenges facing the organizational leaders in the private sector in Nigeria, as well as develops strategies, which could make the organizational leaders in Nigeria more adjusted to the ever-shifting environment that they operate in. Correspondingly, an appraisal of past works in this part did not yield any concrete results. This presumes that past investigations on leadership analyses in Nigeria did not pay close interest to this part of social occurrence, or investigators in Nigeria had not taken it as a fragment of their academic lists that is worth investigating. This analysis will offer a compass to steer future investigations in this part of social occurrence. Moreover, the challenges confronting organizational frontrunners in Nigeria cannot be disconnected from the happenings within the country, as well as environmental pressures operating within Nigeria. This investigation will function as a facilitator for economic growth and social revolution within Nigeria, as well as provide the example, which can be tailored in organizational settings, which have the same cohesion with the Nigerian setting. The study of leadership is an intricate endeavor, which requires sound theoretical framework and engagement of perspectives from different disciplines for thorough exposition. This purpose of this study is to investigate the challenges facing the organizational leaders within the private sector in Nigeria and how the challenges could be obliterated. This chapter provides the theoretical framework for this study by combining the concepts of leadership systems and organizational change. The key proposals of these theories are considered against the backdrop of challenges leaders face an organizational system.

The Cfd Analysis Of Winglets Engineering Essay

The Cfd Analysis Of Winglets Engineering Essay In this interim report, I am going to talk about the topic of my project, aims of the project, tasks performed, project timeline, discussions and conclusions. The topic of my project is CFD ANALYSIS OF WINGLETS. When I decided to choose this project I had no idea about the winglets. Therefore, I have read a lot of about winglets. I needed to learn enough about them such as what they are, where they are used, how winglets work, why they are used in many aircrafts, how many types of winglets are there, which is the most used, winglets benefitsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. These questions will be answered later. On section 2 aims and deliverables, I talk about what I could do in my project to be a brilliant project and what I have to do to achieve it. On section 3, I will attempt to explain what the winglets are, for that I post several images. Different types of winglets and their internal structure will be studied on the second and third point. On the next point, I talk about winglets dimensions and winglet airfoil. For that, an image is shown with a classic winglet design and three winglets airfoil are shown too. On point 3.5, winglets technology is explained. Finally, blended winglets (are the most popular winglets, as you can check later) features and benefits are explained. This is the section 3, analysis of tasks. A Gantt chart will be shown to check project timeline and progress to date. My interim report finishes with discussion and conclusions. 2. AIMS AND DELIVERABLES With my project, I will demonstrate winglets are tools that improve the aircrafts performance. For that, I will attempt to demonstrate winglets reduce the aerodynamic drag so fuel consumption goes down. I will analyze a wing with and without winglet and the creation of a vortex near at the wingtip could be checked. My knowledge  and skills are not very deep in fluent and gambit so I need to improve them. Thus, this improvement will also be an important objective. Three winglets airfoil will be analyzed in Gambit and Fluent and their results will be discussed with my supervisor. These winglets airfoil are shown on section 3.4.2. 3. ANALYSIS OF TASKS 3.1 WINGLET DEFINITION Winglets are vertical extensions of wingtips that improve an aircrafts fuel efficiency and cruising range. Designed as small airfoils, winglets reduced the aerodynamic drag associated with vortices that develop at the wingtips as the airplane moves through the air. By reducing wingtip drag, fuel consumption goes down and range is extended. Aircraft of all types and sizes are flying with winglets. From single-seat hang gliders and ultralights to global jumbo jets. Some aircraft are designed and manufactured with sleek upturned winglets that blend smoothly into the outer wing sections. The concept of winglets originated with a British aerodynamist in the late 1800s, but the idea remained on the drawing board until rekindled in the early 1970s by Dr. Richard Whitcomb when the price of aviation fuel increased. Fig.3.1.1: Vortex wingtip with and without winglet. Winglets reduce wingtip vortices, the twin tornados formed by the difference between the pressure on the upper surface of an airplanes wing and that on the lower surface. High pressure on the lower surface creates a natural airflow that makes its way to the wingtip and curls around it. Since the 1970s, when the price of aviation fuel began spiralling upward, airlines and aircraft manufactures have looked at many ways to improve the operating efficiency of their aircraft. Winglets have become one of the industrys most visible fuel saving technologies and their use continues to expand. Their main functions are: improved wing efficiency translates to more payload, reduced fuel consumption (about 4% in many flights when the distance to crossing is more than 1800 Km.), and a longer cruising range that can allow an air carrier to expand routes and destinations. The figures, reproduced below, are showing two images about winglets. Fig.3.1.2: The figure reproduced above shows winglets. Fig.3.1.3: Winglets in cars. With winglets aerodynamic drag goes down, so these components are often used in car industry. Winglets are used in cars of high range or even in formula 1. 3.2 TYPES OF WINGLETS In general any wingtips that not end the wing simply horizontally are considered as some kind of a winglet. Even though in strictly technical terms Wingtip Fences are not real extensions of the wing, and Raked Wingtips do not have a vertical part, they are still widely considered as winglet variants. We can distinguish three types of winglets: wingtip fences, blended winglets and raked wingtips. The differents types of winglets are explained showing  various  images  and commenting on  the  aircraft  in  which  they are  used. 3.2.1 WINGTIP FENCE They are a special variant of winglets that extend both upward and downward from the tip of the wing. Preferred by European plane-maker Airbus, it is featured on their full product range (except the A330/340 family and the future A350). The Airbus A300 was actually the first jet airliner to feature this kind of solution by default, but it was a very small version of the tool. Provided that most of the Airbus planes (including all A320 family jets) feature such wingtip fences, this may be the most seen and most produced winglet type. Even the new Airbus A380 double-decker features wingtip fences. Fig.3.2.1.1: Airbus Winglets as seen from the outsider. Fig.3.2.2.2: Airbus Winglets as seen from onboard. 3.2.2 BLENDED WINGLETS They are knowing as the real Winglets. They are the most popular winglet type, leveraged by Airbus, Boeing, Embraer and Bombardier but also by Russian Tupolev and Iljushin. Blended winglets were first introduced on the McDonnel Douglas MD-11 aircraft in 1990 with launch customer Finnair (it also features a smaller winglet at the bottom side of the wing). In contrast to Airbus who applies the wingtip fences by default on most of their aircraft (and the winglets on the A330/340 family),  blended winglets are considered by Boeing for example as an optional extra feature on their products, except for the Boeing 747-400. For some of the older Boeing jets (737 and 757) such blended winglets have been offered as an aftermarket retrofit, these are the newer, tall designs and do not connect to the tip of the wing with a sharp angle, but with a curve instead. These winglets are popular among airlines that fly these aircraft on medium/long haul routes as most of the real fuel savings material ize while cruising. Longer flights  mean longer cruising, thus larger fuel savings. And they also server as marketing surface for airline logos or web addresses usually. 141 ship sets have been pre-sold  already as the forecasted fuel avings  range  around  4%-6% for medium/long-range flights.  Airbus earlier tested similar blended winglets designed by Winglet Technology for the  A320  series, but determined that their benefits did not warrant further development and they stayed with the wingtip fences instead.  Aviation Partners Boeing  claims that winglets on 737s and 757s have saved a collective 1.2 billion gal. of fuel since they were introduced and 11.5 million tonnes of CO2 while reducing those types noise footprint by 6.5%.  It has sold winglets to 140 airlines and 95% of all 737NGs are fitted with them. Fig.3.2.2.1: Blended Winglets on Several Aircraft Types. 3.2.3 RAKED WINGTIPS They are the most recent winglet variants (they are probably better classified as special wings),  where the tip of the wing has a higher degree of sweep than the rest of the wing. They are widely referred to as winglets, but they are better described as  integrated wingtip extensions as they are (horizontal) additions to the existing wing, rather than the previously described (near) vertical solutions. The stated purpose of this additional feature is to improve  fuel economy, climb performance and to shorten take off field length. It does this in much the same way  as traditional winglets do. In testing by Boeing and NASA, raked wingtips have been shown to reduce drag by as much as 5.5%, as opposed to improvements of 3.5% to 4.5% from conventional winglets. Airliners to use raked wingtips: Boeing 747-8, Boeing 767-400ER, Boeing 777 (-200LR; -300ER; and freighter versions) plus the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350.  The 747-8, the 787 and the A350 will have spe cial, new kind of wings, which do not have a separate winglet, but have raked,  and  blended wingtips integrated without a sharp angle between the wing and the winglet. Fig.3.2.3.1: Raked Wingtips on the new Boeing 787 and Airbus A350. 3.2.4 WING VORTEX ELIMINATOR This is a special type of winglet. A type exists of winglet that is capable of neutralizing the vortex, this winglet is named Wing Vortex Eliminator, and consists of a pipe that canalizes the air mass that happens for the top of the wing, redirecting and avoiding that the air masses of the lower surface and upper surface come together of turbulent form. Fig.3.2.4.1: Wing vortex Eliminator. The following figure shows a summary with the types of winglets and different aircrafts where they are used. Fig.3.2.1: Types of winglets. 3.3 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A WINGLET Fig.3.3.1: Winglet structure. The winglets are aerodynamic surfaces, with an inner structure usually two beams (they are horizontal beams that cover the wings from the insert to the end), a pair of ribs (beams perpendicular to the previous ones to stiffen the structure), and two cloths or outer flat plates that bear the way out. Depending on the type of aircraft or manufacturer, these structures are half-metal or half metal composite material. Are embedded in the wing tip, integrating in their structure, so that only removed if a problem is detected or corrosion. 3.4 WINGLETS DIMENSIONS AND WINGLET AIRFOIL 3.4.1 DIMENSIONS When I have to built winglets for CFD analysis these dimensions will not be enough. I do not include more images because they are very big. I will need to check websites where I can see general dimensions of an aircraft such as Boeings or Airbus websites. Fig.3.4.1.1: Classic winglet design. 3.4.2 WINGLET AIRFOIL The winglet airfoil must be design with the following criteria in mind: * To minimize drag at low CL conditions.   * To design the winglet airfoil to be tolerant of low Re.   * To maximize tolerance to negative alpha. The images, reproduced below, show several winglets airfoil. Fig.3.4.2.1: winglet airfoil PSU-90-125WL. Fig.3.4.2.2: winglet airfoil E197. Fig.3.4.2.3: winglet airfoil MH 201. These winglets airfoil will be used in CFD analysis. 3.5 WINGLETS TECHNOLOGY Total pressure of an incompressible fluid is the sum of static and dynamic pressure. The laws of kinetic energy govern dynamic pressure. The difference in air pressure between the lower and upper surfaces of a wing causes the air to escape around the wingtip, which reduces the available lift or the aerodynamic drag increases. The motion of the air rushing around the wingtip causes a vortex to form near the wingtip. The tip vortices cause upwash and downwash air currents that alter the direction of the free stream flow around the wing. Fig.3.5.1: Vortex at the wingtip. When  an  air mass  is crossed  by  a  wing  that  air  mass  is  separated  into  two  streams: a stream  passes  through  the bottom  of the  wing and  the  other  stream  passes through  the top  of the  wing.  Both  meet at  the  trailing edge.  However, in  the wing tip  the same phenomenon,  but  unlike  the  previous  two  air flows  converge  before reaching  the  trailing edge  creating  a turbulence  so-called  vortex.   A vortex is created near the wingtip. Thus, it is necessary put a barrier at the wingtip. This is the concept of winglets. Winglet attracted to him the vortex and it is deflected far over the wing. Therefore, the aerodynamic drag is reduced. The winglet has a tip, just like a wing, so it also produces a tip vortex, albeit a much weaker one. The winglets tip vortex is located far above the airflow over the wing, thus it has a little influence on the airflow over the main wing. They look like vortex diffusers. The installation of well-designed winglets can improve the performance of an aircraft, however, the following aspects are critical: 1) The design must be strongly customized to each new configuration; 2) Winglets introduce additional weight; 3) They increase the wing root bending moment; 4) Efficiency is proportional to the lift coefficient; 5) They can alter the aerodynamics in critical regions (ailerons); 6) Winglets are expensive. 3.6 FEATURES AND BENEFITS 3.6.1 REDUCED ENGINE MAINTENANCE COSTS Better climb performance also allows lower thrust settings, thus extending engine life and reducing maintenance costs. REDUCING THRUST WILL: Slow EGT deterioration, which prolongs on-wing life between engine shop visits. Reduce fuel flow deterioration, which results in lower fuel burn. Lower maintenance costs by increasing time between shop visits (longer on-wing life). Takeoff thrust typically reduced by 3%. Cruise thrust typically reduced by 4%. Graphic 3.6.1.1 3.6.2 LOWER BLOCK FUEL Winglets lower drag and improve aerodynamic efficiency, thus reducing fuel burn. Depending on the missions you fly, blended winglets can improve cruise fuel mileage up to 6 percent, especially important during a time of rising fuel prices. They are saving a minimum of 4% on fuel and up to 6% on our longer flights. FUEL SAVINGS FOR CONVERTED FLEET As of mid-October 2006, Aviation Partners and Aviation Partners Boeing have equipped over  1,400 aircraft with Blended Winglets. They conservatively estimate that these aircraft are saving: 146,550,000 gallons per year. 401,507 gallons per day. 16,729 gallons per hour. 279 gallons per minute. 4.6 gallons per second. POTENTIAL ANNUAL FUEL SAVINGS PER AIRPLANE 737-700 Up to 110,000 gallons 737-800 Up to 130,000 gallons 737-900 Up to 150,000 gallons 737-300 Up to 100,000 gallons 757-200 Up to 300,000 gallons 767-300ER (PD Study) Up to 500,000 gallons Table 3.6.2.1: this table shows fuel saved in Boeing ´s airplane. 3.6.3 HIGHER INITIAL OPTIMAL CRUISE ALTITUDES Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve higher operational altitudes than the baseline non-winglet equipped airplane. This results in the following: Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve higher initial altitudes eliminating the requirement for initial level-off altitudes. Winglet equipped airplanes can achieve approximately 1,200 ft higher optimal altitudes than non-winglet equipped airplanes. Graphic 3.6.3.1 3.6.4 PERMANENT FUEL PRICE HEDGE With uncertainty in fuel supplies and the continuing increase in demand, the potential for higher fuel prices cannot be ignored. Consider the average customer for the following: Average Yearly Fuel Savings (gallons per year) Additional Savings for a $0.10 Increase in Price per Gallon 737-700 Up to 110,000 gallons Up to $11,000 per year 737-800 Up to 130,000 gallons Up to $13,000 per year 737-900 Up to 150,000 gallons Up to $15,000 per year 737-300 Up to 100,000 gallons Up to $10,000 per year 757-200 Up to 300,000 gallons Up to $30,000 per year 767-300ER (PD Study) Up to 500,000 gallons Up to $50,000 per year Table 3.6.4.1 3.6.5 INCREASED PAYLOAD / RANGE CAPACITY The addition of Aviation Partners Blended Winglets has demonstrated drag reduction in the 5 to 7% range that measurably increases range and fuel efficiency. In addition, the Blended Winglets allow commercial aircraft to take off from higher, hotter airports with increased payload. This enables you to fly farther nonstops or to complete shorter missions with greater payloads and fuel reserves. 3.6.6 ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY Winglets offer the opportunity not only to improve an airplanes operation performance but also its environmental performance. Airport Noise Levels can be dramatically affected with the installation of Winglets: Noise-affected area on takeoff reduced by 6.5 %. Take-off and approach certified noise levels are lowered. Emissions: Lower fuel burn also equates to reduced emissions. Up to a 6% reduction in CO2 and as much as a 8% reduction in NOx is possible. 3.6.7 IMPROVED TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE By allowing a steeper climb, winglets pay off in better takeoff performance, especially from obstacle-limited, high, hot, weight-limited, and/or noise-restricted airports. Performance Improved climb gradients increase 737-800 allowable takeoff weight (TOW). SOME EXAMPLES INCLUDE: Chicago-Midway: ~1,600 lb additional TOW. Lanzarote (Canary Islands): ~3,500 lb additional TOW. Albuquerque, Denver, and Salt Lake City: ~4,400 lb additional TOW. 4. PROJECT TIMELINE With the Gantt chart, you can see the tasks done to date and the future tasks. I will try to follow it and I hope to finish my project on April. As you can see, on the first weeks of my project I have been finding out information about winglets. The first two weeks, I answered two questions; what are the winglets? and what are their main function?. About tenth of November, I started to collect images of winglets and began to understand winglets technology. The following week, winglet design was studied. From my presentation, I made these tasks; airfoil winglets, types of winglets and features and benefits. From now, I have to do CFD analysis of winglets. I will start in 2-D with winglet airfoil and will finish in 3-D. Winglet airfoil will be imported into a data file to a gambit where the mesh geometry and boundary types will be created. Finally, a file .msh will be created in gambit and it will be exported to fluent where the winglet airfoil will be analyzed. The procedure is the same in 3-D, however the geometry of the aircraft will be set up in Solid Edge or Catia V5 and it will be exported to gambit. 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS As  you have  witnessed in  this  interim  report  the  winglets  improve the  performance of  an aircraft  by reducing  the  aerodynamic  drag  and therefore the  fuel  consumption decreases. However,  when  designing  winglets  we  should  take into  account  aspects  such as they are expensive or they increase the wing root bending moment. There are also  people who think  the  winglets  are  unnecessary and  break  up  the aesthetic  of the plane. There are several types of winglets and the blended winglet is the most popular winglet type. Features and benefits of blended winglet have been discussed (http://www.aviationpartnersboeing.com/index.html). In  these  first  few weeks of  work I have  tried to  to collect  enough information about winglets  and I  reported  about  how they work, because  they  break  the vortex  generated at  the  wingtip  vortex  and how it  is generated. I am  looking forward  to start my analysis with fluent and gambit, but my limited knowledge in CFD, stopped me. I feel I am ready to start working with fluent and gambit since these programs have been explained in class successfully.

Justification of Hamlets Sanity in Shakespeares Hamlet Essays

Shakespeare's play "Hamlet" is about a complex protagonist, Hamlet, who faces adversity and is destined to murder the individual who killed his father. Hamlet is a character who although his actions and emotions may be one of an insane person, in the beginning of the book it is clear that Hamlet decides to fake madness in order for his plan to succeed in killing Claudius. Hamlet is sane because throughout the play he only acts crazy in front of certain people, to others he acts properly and displays proper prince like behavior who is able to cope with them without sounding crazy, and even after everything that has been going on in his life he is able to take revenge by killing his father's murderer. In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare Hamlet is sane but acts insane to fulfill his destiny of getting vengeance on his father's murderer. Hamlet throughout the play seems insane but in reality it is only an act to achieve his goal of killing his father's murderer. Hamlet chooses to go mad so he has an advantage over his opponent and since he is the Prince of Denmark certain behavior is unacceptable, so by faking madness he is able to get away with inappropriate sayings and actions. We can see this when he talks to Claudius, Polonius, Ophelia and his mother. When Hamlet talks to Horatio in the first act he says how he is going to "feign madness" and that: " There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy...How strange or odd some'er i bear myself (As i perchance hereafter shall think meet To put an antic disposition on) That you, at such times seeing me, never shall, With arms encumbered thus, or this headshake, Or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase...let us go in toget... ...sane because he is fully aware of his surroundings and before acting he always rationalizes everything. He fakes madness so he can say and do things that a mad man would do, but internally he is aware of what he is doing and we know he is not insane but he acts crazy in front of certain people. His way of thinking is like a normal individual's, if an individual was crazy they would not be thinking everything through and if someone were crazy they would definitely not have the capabilities of outsmarting someone, like how Hamlet outsmarted Claudius. All these reasons and much more are why Hamlet is not insane, he is as sane of an individual as any other, but unlike others he had to go through a lot of emotional pain and a sense of abandonment to reach a successful point in his life. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. New York: Washington Square, 2004. Print.

Quasi Contract Essay

A legal agreement created by the courts between two parties who did not have a previous obligation to each other. A normal contract requires two parties to consent to mutually agreeable terms. Under a quasi contract, neither party is originally intended to create an agreement. Instead, an arrangement is imposed by a judge to rectify an occurrence of unjust enrichment. Investopedia explains ‘Quasi Contract’When one party knowingly receives something for nothing, the courts may impose a quasi contract. For example, if UPS delivers a new television to Zoe that she did not order and she keeps the television and does not attempt to return it to the company that mistakenly shipped it to her, a judge could impose a quasi-contract to force her to pay for the television. Zoe did not intend to purchase the TV, and the TV company did not intend to sell her a TV, but since she chose to benefit from the TV at the company’s expense, the court requires her to reimburse the TV co mpany to make the situation fair. Read more: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quasi-contract.asp#ixzz2Gnf6KBD4 What does Quasi Mean? Source: http://answers.ask.com/Reference/Dictionaries/what_does†¦ The word quasi means almost, sort of, near, not exact, or imperfect. It is when something is close to the original, or has traits of the original, but is not 100% perfect in comparison. A few examples are knock off purses and counterfeit money. For m More  » What is a quasi contract? Source: http://www.ehow.com/facts_5139973_quasi-contract.html?r†¦ A quasi-contract contract exists when one party has conferred a benefit on another; the party who conferred had reasonable expectation of getting paid; the party did not act as a volunteer in conferring the benefit; and the party receiving †¦ More  » What does quasi contract mean? Source: http://www.audioenglish.net/dictionary/quasi_contract.h†¦ 1. a contract created by law for reasons of justice without any expression of assent More  » What does quasi mutual assent mean in relation to the  contract? Source: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_does_quasi_mutual_assent†¦ When one being induced into contract without formal acceptance but only show with signs and actions that she or he accepts the offerer’s contract. More What is genuine consent? It is consent given freely, voluntarily and intelligently. The definition presupposes that: (a) the person giving the consent is qualified to do so. A minor under 18 for example cannot give his consent to a contract unless assisted by a legal guardian. (b) the consent-giver is not under duress, fraud, intimidation, undue influence, mistake, force, violence or threat. For example, a person who married under pain of death can later impugn the marriage for lack of consent (c) that the consent-giver is of sound mind. A crazy person or one heavily intoxicated cannot give consent unless it is given during a so-called lucid interval. All contracts are agreement but all agreement are not contracts Answer; A contract is a legally binding agreement or relationship that exists between two or more parties to do or abstain from performing certain acts. A contract can also be defined as a legally binding exchange of promises between two or more parties that the law will enforce. For a contract to be formed an offer made must backed acceptance of which there must be consideration. Both parties involved must intend to create legal relation on a lawful matter which must be entered into freely and should be possible to perform. An agreement is a form of cross reference between different parties, which may be written, oral and lies upon the honor of the parties for its fulfillment rather than being in any way enforceable. All contracts are agreement because there must be mutual understanding between two parties for a contract to be formed. All parties should agree and adhere to the terms and conditions of an offer. The following cases illustrate ways in which all contracts are agreements; In the case of invitation to treat, where an invitation to treat is merely an invitation to make an offer. When a firm’s offer is accepted it results into a contract provided other elements of contracts are accepted. Considering person A buying a radio on hire purchase from person B who deals with electronics and its appliances. Both parties must come to an agreement on payment of monthly installment within specified period of time. Such an agreement result to specialty contract which a contract under seal. All contracts are agreement until avoided for example, avoidable contract where one of the parties can withdraw from it if s/he wishes. This occurs due to minor agreement and misrepresentation or undue influence. Considering a case where person A make contract with person B but during the contract period B realizes that he was engaged to perform an agreement under undue influence. Mathematical Proof of the Rybczynski Theorem Mathematical Derivation (Source: Steve Suranovic 2005) The Rybczynski theorem demonstrates the effects of changes in the resource endowments on the quantities of outputs of the two goods in the context of the H-O model. One can apply the theorem anytime some change in the model causes a change in one of the endowments. This could occur as a country invests and thus raises its capital stock, if immigration or emigration occurs or as population growth or growth of the workforce occurs for other reasons. We use the two resource constraint conditions which must be satisfied in an equilibrium. (5c)| | (5d)| | The asterisks indicate that these unit-factor requirements are the optimal levels derived from the cost minimization exercise and are functions of the wage, w, and the rental rate on capital, r. We will assume that wages and rents remain fixed which implies that output prices remain fixed as well. Differentiating (5a) and (5d) with respect to L yields, (8a)| | (8b)| | Writing these in matrix form yields, This expression can now be solved using Cramer’s Rule to get, (9a)| | (9b)| | Whether these partial derivatives are positive or negative depends on the  signs of the denominator. Assume the denominator of each expression is less than zero.   Ã‚  This means that the denominator is negative if and only if production of good one is capital-intensive and production of good two is labor-intensive. So, let’s suppose that good one is capital-intensive (good two is labor-intensive). Then, since each unit factor requirement is positive. This implies, that if good one is capital-intensive (good two labor-intensive) and if the labor endowment rises, then the output of good one would fall and the output of good two would rise if output prices of both goods remained the same. If we conducted the same exercise for changes in the capital endowment, and we continue to assume that good one is capital-intensive and good two labor-intensive, then we would show that,  if we assumed the converse, i.e., if good one were labor intensive and good two capital intensive, then the signs of all of the above derivatives would be reversed. These results lead to the following general statement of the Rybczynski theorem. If a factor endowment in a country rises (falls), and if prices of the outputs remain the same, then the output of the good that uses that factor intensively will rise (fall) while the output of the other good will fall (rise).

The Body Farm essays

The Body Farm essays Many people have never heard of the University of Tennessees Forensic Anthropology Facility, otherwise known as the Body Farm. So the purpose of this paper is to give you a brief description of what the body farm is, and what goes on at it. First let me explain to you what anthropology is. Anthropology is the use of certain tools, technology, and techniques/applications along with analyzing corpses and skeletons to find out information dealing with crimes involving death. The Forensic Anthropology facility was started by Mr. William Bass in the fall of 1980 with a small area of land and a single body. The facility is located in Tennessee. The facility became known as the Body Farm because that is what novelist Patricia Cornwell referred to it as in one of her best selling novels in 1994. Originally, Mr. Bass was taking courses to earn a major in Psychology but he enrolled in an Anthropology course for fun, and was asked to go onto the scene of an accident. When he realized what this was all about he decided to change his major to Anthropology and this led to his claim for fame. At first research was slow and tedious because Mr. Bass was not quiet sure where to get started at, but soon the picture became clearer to him and he got his first real start. He began by doing simple research on teeth, bones, flesh, and insects. He observed, tested, and recorded his findings which led to new heights and future research. Soon after beginning his research, Mr. Bass was helping to discover the statistics of a body found on the roadside and was quoted as saying "To refine my estimate of age and to gauge the woman's stature, I needed to remove the remaining tissue from the bones. Short of leaving the skull and femur outdoors and allowing insects and scavengers to pick the bones clean a slow process, and one that could mean losing the femur or mandible to some scavenging buzzard or coyote the only good way t...

Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Essays

Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Essays Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Paper Sociology the Namesake (a Movie by Nira Mair 2007)- Does Culture Affect Behavior Paper Essay Topic: The Namesake Sociology 201 Does Culture Affect Identity and Behavior? A Movie-Thesis Based on the Movie: The Namesake by Mira Nair (2007) Based on the Novel By Jhumpa Lahiri Does culture affect identity and behavior? The Namesake is the story of Ashoke and Ashima Ganguli from their traditional arranged marriage in Calcutta, India, to their immigrant life in America and the family they raised in the suburbs of New York. The film explores cultural identity and tends to reflect at key turning points in the story on the Russian â€Å"pet† name, Gogol, that Ashoke gave his son in honor of the author of a book he had been reading on a train prior to its crash. The parents cling to their Indian heritage and watch in quiet dismay as their children embrace and favor American culture. Though Gogol embraced his name as a child above his formal name of Nickhal, he changed it to Nick in High School after being teased and learning of the author’s dysfunctional life and asked his father why he had been given the name. Ashoke tried to explain by giving Nick a copy of the book, The Overcoat by Gogol, but sensed that Nick was not able to relate to the depth of the gift and the meaning behind his name at that time so Ashoke ended the conversation with the statement that one day Nick would understand that they â€Å"all came from Gogol’s Overcoat. As time passed, life experiences brought the family to a turning point where Ashima began to accept the Americanized life choices her children were making, yet upon the death of his father, Nick began to reflect on how his American ways distanced him from his parents during his teenage years, and as he mourned his father’s death, he began to respect and embrace his Indian heritage and discovered the deeper me aning of the name his father gave him, which was symbolic of Ahoke’s decision to immigrate from Calcutta to the United States. The main themes throughout the movie are family, culture, identity, and change. The Namesake is full of examples of contrasting cultural behavior. Ashoke and Ashima willingly agreed to their arranged marriage while in contrast, their American-born children grew up to make their own life-partner choices which Ashima eventually accepted. Ashoak and Ashima are shown as bilingual, yet their children are always shown speaking only English. Additionally, Ashima is shown throughout the movie wearing a traditional sari whereas her children are dressed American style. It is subtly implied that Ashoke and Ashima probably did not have intercourse after their arranged marriage until they arrived in New York. In contrast, Nick is shown as an adult having premarital sex, and while preparing his American girlfriend to meet his parents, he explains that Indian culture frowns upon public displays of romantic affection and that he had never seen his parents touch. He instructs her to not kiss or touch him in his parents’ presence; however, with no disrespect intended, she quickly forgets and also innocently insults them calling them by their first names. Moushimi, The Bengali woman Nick eventually marries with his mother’s blessing, confessed to Nick that she adopted a promiscuous lifestyle while living in Paris, yet Nick does not object and instead enjoys the benefits of her uninhibited sexuality, a decision which later hurts him when he discovers she is having an extramarital affair. A subtle, perhaps unintended message the movie implies is that a higher level of respect toward parents, sexuality, and marriage is more prevalent in Indian culture in comparison to American culture, and that immigration abroad can cause breakdown of those traditional values for immigrants’ children who are raised in America and other countries who have adopted Western Culture.

Budget Information Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Budget Information Problem - Essay Example Finally, the report wraps up with an analytical assessment of these budget information problems and suggests recommendations to address the budget information deficiencies. I as the accountant carried out a survey on the state of the budget information problem. The budget information problem is as a result of a company not being transparent enough to itself and the public or parties concerned. There is no accountability in the way the budget funds are used and in this case. The report will consider the effect of the availability of budget information to Metropolitan health care services company (Tyler, 2007, p. 146). In so doing, it is essential be familiar with nature and organizational structure of the Metropolitan health care services company. The report will establish the central issues in the budget information affecting Metropolitan health care services company. Besides, it suggests the available policy choices that it can employ in their budgeting processes. The company is expected to select a policy option that is in line with the goals in its budget financing. The report found that it was essential for the the company to have information on issues regarding the expenditure and revenue budget. Budget information is vital, and when it is unavailable, it could imply the lack of accountability and hence misappropriation of funds. Debt management information deficiency is also a constraint for the company’s budgetary processes. I observed that the approach taken by company concerning debt management is not appropriate in the budget stipulation. I hold the position that aims to reform the criteria and conditions that will enable the elimination of budget information problem at Metropolitan health care services comp any (Lindridge, 2011, p. 157). There are frequent typical problems that exist in the budgetary making process at Metropolitan health care services company. One of the fundamental problems is budget information concerning

Testing and analyzing the windows of airbus airplanes and why it does Research Paper

Testing and analyzing the windows of airbus airplanes and why it does not affect by the high voltage lighting in the sky - Research Paper Example Therefore, while designing and developing plane preventive measures are taken to cope with such unpleasant situations before time. High voltage lightning within the atmosphere(Naidu and Kamaraju); negatively affect the planes and birds during flight. Below is the exhaustive list of dangers suspected as a result of high voltage lightning. Lightning strokes result in the production of immense heat energy and high intensity magnetic forces. This heat energy is directly produced at the surface of the body which is in contact with the lightning strike. The extent of this generated is too high to vaporize the sap of a tree if it travels across it. This vaporization would result in the generation of immense steam which may result in the bursting of the tree trunk. If this steam is allowed to pass through soil, it may cause plasma channels to melt down forming fulgurites. Any sort of contact with humans or other loving things may even result in spontaneous deaths. Therefore, while designing sophisticated systems, lightning protection systems needs to be introduced in order to keep the system protected in unpleasant situations as well. Lightning is always accompanied by a thunder sound. This is not only a sound we hear but it is actually a very dangerous compression wave which is high in intensity as well as speed and can badly affect anything during its flight. Chemistry of thunder is that the electrostatic discharge produces lightning which is having high temperatures that heats the air and converts it to plasma. This process takes place along the discharge channel. Production of plasma raises the pressure within the cloud area resulting in sudden expansion of molecules outwards the area. This expansion is accompanied by the production of shockwave with immense energy. This energy can really affect the flight of the plane flying through the cloudy area. Lightning is one of the most common source of natural disaster and fatalities after flood and each year